Which stage of the HIV lifecycle involves the virus attaching to the host cell membrane?
Binding
Integration
Fusion
Reverse Transcription
The Correct Answer is A
A. Binding is the initial step where the HIV virus attaches to the CD4 receptor on the host cell's surface. This interaction is crucial for the subsequent entry of the virus into the host cell.
B. Integration occurs later in the lifecycle, after the virus has entered the host cell and its RNA is converted to DNA.
C. Fusion refers to the process where the viral envelope fuses with the host cell membrane to allow entry into the cell, which follows the binding stage.
D. Reverse Transcription is the process of converting viral RNA into DNA after the virus has entered the host cell, and is not involved in the attachment phase.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Cortisol levels are not directly affected by furosemide; monitoring for adrenal function is not a priority.
B. Bicarbonate levels are not specifically monitored for clients on furosemide; this medication's main effect does not relate directly to bicarbonate balance.
C. Albumin levels are not primarily affected by furosemide; although low albumin can affect fluid status, it is not the critical monitoring focus.
D. Potassium levels should be monitored because furosemide is a loop diuretic that can lead to hypokalemia, which is a common and significant side effect due to increased renal excretion of potassium.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by an increased pH and increased HCO3 levels, which does not fit the provided values.
B. The low HCO3 of 18 mEq indicates a metabolic acidosis, as the body is unable to retain enough bicarbonate to balance the acid levels, and the pH is also low at 7.30, confirming acidosis.
C. Respiratory alkalosis would show a high pH and low PaCO2, which is not the case here.
D. Respiratory acidosis would be indicated by a high PaCO2 and a low pH, but the HCO3 level is low, indicating a metabolic issue rather than a respiratory one.