Which stage of the HIV lifecycle involves the virus attaching to the host cell membrane?
Binding
Integration
Fusion
Reverse Transcription
The Correct Answer is A
A. Binding is the initial step where the HIV virus attaches to the CD4 receptor on the host cell's surface. This interaction is crucial for the subsequent entry of the virus into the host cell.
B. Integration occurs later in the lifecycle, after the virus has entered the host cell and its RNA is converted to DNA.
C. Fusion refers to the process where the viral envelope fuses with the host cell membrane to allow entry into the cell, which follows the binding stage.
D. Reverse Transcription is the process of converting viral RNA into DNA after the virus has entered the host cell, and is not involved in the attachment phase.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. DIC is characterized by a low platelet count due to the consumption of platelets in the coagulation process, not an elevated count.
B. While heparin may be used in the management of DIC in some cases, it is not a lifelong treatment nor a cure for the condition, as DIC results from an underlying condition rather than being a standalone disease.
C. DIC involves the overactivation of the coagulation cascade, leading to the formation of fibrin clots and subsequent consumption of clotting factors and platelets, thus making this statement accurate.
D. DIC is not a genetic disorder but rather a complication often associated with severe infections, trauma, or other conditions, and it is not primarily due to vitamin K deficiency.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Administering hypertonic saline (3% NaCl) is appropriate for treating severe hyponatremia, as it helps to raise sodium levels safely. Restricting water intake is also necessary to prevent further dilution of sodium.
B. Fluid restriction with a loop diuretic may not be effective in this scenario and can worsen the hyponatremia by causing further fluid loss without addressing the sodium levels.
C. Isotonic saline is not indicated for correcting severe hyponatremia, and encouraging oral fluid intake could exacerbate the condition.
D. Increasing oral sodium intake is not sufficient for immediate correction of severe hyponatremia and does not address the acute nature of the client’s symptoms.