Which stage of the HIV lifecycle involves the virus attaching to the host cell membrane?
Binding
Integration
Fusion
Reverse Transcription
The Correct Answer is A
A. Binding is the initial step where the HIV virus attaches to the CD4 receptor on the host cell's surface. This interaction is crucial for the subsequent entry of the virus into the host cell.
B. Integration occurs later in the lifecycle, after the virus has entered the host cell and its RNA is converted to DNA.
C. Fusion refers to the process where the viral envelope fuses with the host cell membrane to allow entry into the cell, which follows the binding stage.
D. Reverse Transcription is the process of converting viral RNA into DNA after the virus has entered the host cell, and is not involved in the attachment phase.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Pneumocystis lung infection is an opportunistic infection that typically occurs in later stages of HIV/AIDS when the immune system is significantly weakened, not during the initial phase of infection.
B. Fungal and bacterial infections are also associated with advanced HIV/AIDS due to immunosuppression and not seen in the initial phase of infection.
C. Flu-like symptoms and night sweats are common initial symptoms of HIV infection, often occurring 2-4 weeks after exposure during the acute retroviral syndrome phase.
D. Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer associated with advanced HIV/AIDS and does not manifest during the initial symptoms of infection.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Encouraging oral intake may not be effective due to the patient's likely need for more rapid rehydration given his low blood pressure and heart rate.
B. A potassium-sparing diuretic is inappropriate in this situation, as the patient is already experiencing fluid loss and requires rehydration, not diuresis.
C. Restricting fluid intake would be contraindicated as the patient is in a state of dehydration and hypotension.
D. Administering an IV bolus of normal saline is the priority intervention to quickly restore fluid volume and improve blood pressure and hydration status.