Which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through?
Glomerulus
Collecting duct
Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
Proximal convoluted tubule
The Correct Answer is B
A. Glomerulus is involved in filtering blood but not in producing hypertonic urine.
B. Collecting duct reabsorbs water and concentrates urine, making it hypertonic.
C. Nephron loop (loop of Henle) creates a concentration gradient in the medulla that helps in water reabsorption but is not the primary site for final urine concentration. This option is partially correct but less specific than the collecting duct.
D. Proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs a significant portion of water and solutes but does not produce hypertonic urine.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Small intestine, particularly the ileum, contains Peyer's patches, which are abundant lymphoid tissues in the mucosa and submucosa. These structures are part of the immune system, protecting the body from pathogens in the digestive tract.
B. Stomach: While the stomach has some lymphoid tissue, it does not have as much as the small intestine, specifically the Peyer's patches.
C. Large intestine has lymphoid nodules, but it does not contain as much lymphoid tissue as the small intestine.
D. Esophagus has very little lymphoid tissue compared to the small intestine, as its primary function is to transport food rather than participate in immune defense.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Ca2+: prevents the entrance of any more sperm- While calcium ions play a role in the slow block to polyspermy, the fast block involves sodium ions.
B. Na+: prevents the entrance of more Na- The fast block to polyspermy involves sodium ions (Na+), but the depolarization of the egg membrane prevents the entrance of more sperm, not just more Na+.
C. Na+: prevents the entrance of Ca2+. The fast block prevents additional sperm from entering, not calcium ions.
D. Na+: prevents the entrance of any more sperm: The fast block to polyspermy involves the opening of sodium ion channels, leading to depolarization of the egg membrane. This depolarization prevents other sperm from binding to and penetrating the egg.