Which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through?
Glomerulus
Collecting duct
Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
Proximal convoluted tubule
The Correct Answer is B
A. Glomerulus is involved in filtering blood but not in producing hypertonic urine.
B. Collecting duct reabsorbs water and concentrates urine, making it hypertonic.
C. Nephron loop (loop of Henle) creates a concentration gradient in the medulla that helps in water reabsorption but is not the primary site for final urine concentration. This option is partially correct but less specific than the collecting duct.
D. Proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs a significant portion of water and solutes but does not produce hypertonic urine.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus: The ductus venosus bypasses the liver, not the lungs. The ductus arteriosus does allow blood to bypass the lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta. However, this option is not entirely correct since the ductus venosus is not involved in bypassing the lungs.
B. Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus: The foramen ovale allows blood to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs. The ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, also bypassing the lungs.
C. Fossa ovalis and umbilical arteries and vein: The fossa ovalis is a remnant of the foramen ovale in adults and does not function in fetal circulation. The umbilical arteries and vein are involved in exchanging oxygenated and deoxygenated blood between the fetus and placenta, not bypassing the lungs.
D. Ligamentum venosum and ligamentum arteriosum: These are the adult remnants of the ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus, respectively. They do not play a role in fetal circulat
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. It stimulates angiotensin II secretion: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) does not directly stimulate angiotensin II secretion; instead, it acts on the kidneys to promote water reabsorption.
B. It promotes water conservation: ADH promotes water conservation by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine output, and thus helping to maintain fluid balance.
C. It inhibits salivation and thirst: ADH does not inhibit salivation or thirst; in fact, it can increase thirst to encourage fluid intake when dehydration is detected.
D. It stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors: While ADH affects hypothalamic osmoreceptors indirectly by promoting water retention, its primary function is to act on the kidneys to conserve water.