Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high?
The renal tubules reabsorb more water.
The kidneys produce less urine.
ADH release is inhibited.
The renal tubules reabsorb more sodium.
The Correct Answer is C
A. The renal tubules reabsorb more water. If blood volume and pressure are too high, the body would aim to reduce them, not increase them further. Reabsorbing more water would increase blood volume.
B. The kidneys produce less urine. To lower blood volume and pressure, the kidneys would increase urine production, not decrease it.
C. ADH release is inhibited: ADH (antidiuretic hormone) promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased blood volume and pressure. When blood volume and pressure are too high, the body inhibits ADH release to promote water excretion and lower blood volume and pressure.
D. The renal tubules reabsorb more sodium. Reabsorbing more sodium would lead to water retention, increasing blood volume and pressure, which is the opposite of what the body needs when blood volume and pressure are already high.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Chief cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); parietal cells: Pepsinogen is produced by chief cells, and it is activated into pepsin by hydrochloric acid (HCl) secreted by parietal cells.
B. Chief cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); parietal cells: Chief cells produce pepsinogen, but it is not activated by carbonic anhydrase. Instead, it is activated by HCl.
C. Parietal cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); chief cells: Pepsinogen is produced by chief cells, not parietal cells, and its activation involves HCl, not carbonic anhydrase.
D. Parietal cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); chief cells: Pepsinogen is produced by chief cells, not parietal cells, and is activated by HCl.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Mucosa (mucous membrane): The mucosa is the innermost layer of the digestive tract, not the outermost. It includes the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae.
B. Serosa (mesentery): The serosa is the outermost layer of the digestive tract in parts where it is covered by peritoneum. It consists of a thin layer of areolar tissue topped by simple squamous epithelium.
C. Muscularis externa: The muscularis externa is a layer of muscle in the digestive tract, located beneath the serosa. It is not the outermost layer.
D. Submucosa: The submucosa is a layer of connective tissue located between the mucosa and muscularis externa. It is not the outermost layer.