Which of the following is not a function of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCI)?
Destroy ingested pathogens
Convert Fe3+ to Fe2+
Emulsify lipids
Activate pepsinogen to pepsin
The Correct Answer is C
A. Destroy ingested pathogens: HCl in the stomach helps destroy ingested pathogens, providing a first line of defense against infections. Therefore, this is a correct function of HCl.
B. Convert Fe3+ to Fe2+: HCl aids in the conversion of iron from its ferric (Fe3+) to ferrous (Fe2+) form, which is more easily absorbed in the intestine. Therefore, this is a correct function of HCl.
C. Emulsify lipids: Emulsification of lipids is the function of bile, not hydrochloric acid. HCl does not emulsify lipids. This is the correct answer.
D. Activate pepsinogen to pepsin: HCl activates pepsinogen, converting it to the active enzyme pepsin, which is essential for protein digestion in the stomach. Therefore, this is a correct function of HCl.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Mucosa (mucous membrane): The mucosa is the innermost layer of the digestive tract, not the outermost. It includes the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae.
B. Serosa (mesentery): The serosa is the outermost layer of the digestive tract in parts where it is covered by peritoneum. It consists of a thin layer of areolar tissue topped by simple squamous epithelium.
C. Muscularis externa: The muscularis externa is a layer of muscle in the digestive tract, located beneath the serosa. It is not the outermost layer.
D. Submucosa: The submucosa is a layer of connective tissue located between the mucosa and muscularis externa. It is not the outermost layer.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Estrogen is a hormone involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, but it is not the hormone detected by pregnancy tests.
B. Luteinizing hormone (LH) surges just before ovulation but is not the hormone detected by pregnancy tests.
C. Progesterone supports pregnancy by maintaining the uterine lining, but it is not the hormone detected by pregnancy tests.
D. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is the hormone produced by the placenta shortly after implantation, and it is the hormone detected by pregnancy tests.