Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?
Trypsin
Pancreatic amylase
Pepsin
Salivary amylase
The Correct Answer is C
A. Trypsin functions in the small intestine, where the environment is slightly alkaline. Therefore, this enzyme does not function at a low pH.
B. Pancreatic amylase also functions in the small intestine, where the pH is neutral to slightly alkaline.
C. Pepsin functions in the stomach, where the environment is highly acidic (pH 1.5 to 2). Pepsin is the correct answer because it works optimally at this low pH.
D. Salivary amylase functions in the mouth, where the pH is neutral or slightly alkaline.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. It increases both Na+ and K+ secretion: Aldosterone increases sodium (Na+) reabsorption and potassium (K+) secretion, but it does not increase the secretion of both ions.
B. It causes the urine to be more diluted. Aldosterone causes the urine to be more concentrated by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
C. It reduces Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. Aldosterone actually increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion, not reduces them.
D. It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys and increases potassium secretion, leading to more concentrated urine.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Azotemia is a condition characterized by elevated levels of nitrogenous waste products in the blood, not a direct by-product of protein catabolism.
B. Creatinine is a by-product of muscle metabolism, not directly from protein catabolism.
C. Uric acid is a by-product of nucleic acid metabolism, not protein catabolism.
D. Urea is a primary by-product of protein catabolism, formed in the liver and excreted by the kidneys. This is the correct answer.