Which of the following does not contribute to water conservation?
Diuretics
The countercurrent exchange system
The collecting duct
The countercurrent multiplier
The Correct Answer is A
A. Diuretics increase urine output by inhibiting the reabsorption of water and sodium in the kidneys, which leads to increased water loss. This action is opposite to water conservation, making this the correct answer.
B. The counter current exchange system in the kidneys helps conserve water by maintaining a high osmolarity in the medulla, which facilitates the reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts. This system contributes to water conservation.
C. The collecting duct plays a crucial role in water reabsorption. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, allowing more water to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, contributing to water conservation.
D. The counter current multiplier is a mechanism in the loop of Henle that creates a concentration gradient in the kidney medulla, which is essential for water reabsorption in the collecting ducts. It contributes to water conservation
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Esophageal glands secrete mucus to lubricate the esophagus, but they do not cause acid reflux.
B. Pharyngeal constrictors are muscles that help in the swallowing process, not in preventing acid reflux.
C. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a ring of muscle that controls the passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach. If the LES is weakened or relaxes inappropriately, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus, causing acid reflux or "heartburn."
D. The upper esophageal sphincter controls the passage of food from the pharynx into the esophagus, but it is not involved in preventing acid reflux.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Sperm; semen: Sperm is the male gamete, and semen is the fluid that contains sperm, but these are not analogous to the ovary, which is a gonad.
B. Testis; semen: The testis is the male gonad that produces sperm, but semen is the fluid that contains sperm. The analogous structure to the ovary is the testis, but this pairing with semen is not correct.
C. Semen; sperm: Semen is the fluid containing sperm, while sperm is the male gamete. Neither is a gonad, so this pairing is not analogous to the ovary.
D. Testis; sperm: The testis is the male gonad that produces sperm, making it analogous to the ovary, which is the female gonad that produces eggs.