Which of the following describes how a transmitted pathogen enters a new host in the chain of infection?
Reservoir
Susceptible host
Portal of entry
Mode of transmission
The Correct Answer is C
A. Reservoir: The reservoir is the place where a pathogen lives and multiplies, such as a human, animal, or environment. It is not how the pathogen enters a new host.
B. Susceptible host: The susceptible host is the individual who can potentially be infected by the pathogen. However, this term does not describe how the pathogen enters the host.
C. Portal of entry: The portal of entry is the correct term for the route by which a pathogen enters a new host, such as through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or broken skin.
D. Mode of transmission: The mode of transmission refers to how the pathogen is spread from one host to another, such as through direct contact, airborne particles, or vectors. It does not describe how the pathogen enters the host.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. When cleaning instruments for sterilization: Hand sanitizer is not appropriate for cleaning or sterilizing instruments; proper cleaning and sterilization procedures must be followed.
B. When assisting with a minor office surgery: Hand sanitizer is not recommended for procedures requiring sterile technique; hand washing with soap and water is preferred.
C. When hands are not visibly soiled: Hand sanitizer can be used effectively when hands are not visibly dirty, as it helps reduce microbial load.
D. When transferring urine to a collection tube: Hand sanitizer is not suitable for this task; thorough hand washing is necessary to prevent contamination.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. 9 to 13 g/dL: This range is below the normal hemoglobin values for an adult male and may indicate anemia.
B. 14 to 18 g/dL: This is the normal range for hemoglobin in an adult male, reflecting healthy oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
C. 19 to 22 g/dL: This range is above the normal values and may indicate polycythemia or other conditions leading to increased red blood cell production.
D. 23 to 26 g/dL: This is a significantly elevated level, which is rare and could indicate severe health conditions or laboratory error.