Which of the following are characteristics of conservation in school-aged children? (Select All that Apply.)
Thinking that cutting a sandwich into more pieces means there is more food
Believing that pouring water from a short, wide cup into a tall, narrow cup increases the amount of water
Understanding that the amount of a substance remains the same even if its appearance changes
Recognizing that a ball of clay can be flattened and rolled back into a ball without changing its amount
Believing that a taller, narrower glass contains more liquid than a shorter, wider glass
Correct Answer : C,D
A. This reflects a lack of understanding of conservation, as cutting a sandwich does not increase the quantity of food.
B. This belief shows a misunderstanding of conservation, where children may not recognize that the volume remains constant regardless of the container's shape.
C. Understanding that the amount of a substance remains the same even if its appearance changes is a key characteristic of conservation.
D. Recognizing that a ball of clay can be flattened and rolled back into a ball without changing its amount also demonstrates an understanding of conservation.
E. This belief indicates a misunderstanding of conservation, as the amount of liquid does not change based on the height or width of the container.
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Correct Answer is ["C","D"]
Explanation
A. The child should avoid tub baths or submerging in water for several days post-procedure to reduce the risk of infection and keep the catheter site dry; sponge baths are usually recommended.
B. Keeping the child home for an entire week may be excessive; the duration of home care typically depends on the child's recovery, and many children can return to school sooner if they feel well.
C. Offering clear liquids for the first 24 hours helps ensure the child stays hydrated and allows for easier digestion following anesthesia or sedation.
D. Giving acetaminophen for discomfort is appropriate, as it can help manage any pain or discomfort the child may experience after the procedure, and is usually a recommended practice.
Correct Answer is ["C","D","E"]
Explanation
A. Pertussis primarily affects the respiratory tract rather than just the nostrils.
B. Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, making it a bacterial infection, not viral.
C. The bacteria release toxins that damage the cilia of the epithelial cells in the respiratory tract, disrupting their function.
D. Inflammation occurs in the lungs and airway due to the infection, contributing to symptoms such as cough.
E. The infection leads to excessive secretions that are difficult to expel, resulting in the characteristic whooping cough associated with pertussis.