Which of the following are characteristics of conservation in school-aged children? (Select All that Apply.)
Thinking that cutting a sandwich into more pieces means there is more food
Believing that pouring water from a short, wide cup into a tall, narrow cup increases the amount of water
Understanding that the amount of a substance remains the same even if its appearance changes
Recognizing that a ball of clay can be flattened and rolled back into a ball without changing its amount
Believing that a taller, narrower glass contains more liquid than a shorter, wider glass
Correct Answer : C,D
A. This reflects a lack of understanding of conservation, as cutting a sandwich does not increase the quantity of food.
B. This belief shows a misunderstanding of conservation, where children may not recognize that the volume remains constant regardless of the container's shape.
C. Understanding that the amount of a substance remains the same even if its appearance changes is a key characteristic of conservation.
D. Recognizing that a ball of clay can be flattened and rolled back into a ball without changing its amount also demonstrates an understanding of conservation.
E. This belief indicates a misunderstanding of conservation, as the amount of liquid does not change based on the height or width of the container.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Crushed ice is appropriate after a tonsillectomy as it can help soothe the throat and is a clear liquid that is easy for the child to swallow.
B. Cranberry juice is acidic, which can irritate the throat and is generally not recommended immediately after tonsillectomy.
C. Orange juice is also acidic and could cause discomfort to the healing throat tissues, making it unsuitable for post-operative care.
D. A vanilla milkshake may be too thick for the child to swallow comfortably after surgery and can pose a risk of choking.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Bradycardia is not typically expected in toddlers with heart failure; instead, tachycardia (increased heart rate) is more common as the body compensates for decreased cardiac output.
B. Weight loss is generally not a typical finding in toddlers with heart failure; rather, they often experience weight gain due to fluid retention.
C. Orthopnea, or difficulty breathing when lying flat, is a common symptom of heart failure and would be expected in a toddler due to fluid overload affecting respiratory function.
D. Increased urine output is usually not expected in heart failure; rather, fluid retention often leads to decreased urine output as the kidneys respond to the body's fluid balance needs.