Which clinical manifestations are indicative of right ventricular failure? (Select all that apply.)
Crackles upon auscultation of the lungs
Hepatomegaly
Jugular venous distention
Orthopnea
Peripheral edema
Correct Answer : B,C,E
Rationale:
A. Crackles are more commonly associated with left ventricular failure, which leads to pulmonary congestion.
B. Hepatomegaly, or an enlarged liver, is a sign of right ventricular failure due to blood backing up in the systemic circulation.
C. Jugular venous distention is a classic sign of right ventricular failure as blood accumulates in the venous system.
D. Orthopnea, or difficulty breathing while lying down, is more indicative of left ventricular failure.
E. Peripheral edema is a hallmark of right ventricular failure, resulting from increased venous pressure.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Secondary hypertension is high blood pressure due to an identifiable cause, such as renal disease, but it does not describe an acute situation with target organ damage.
B. Hypertensive urgency is a situation where the blood pressure is severely elevated but without evidence of target organ damage.
C. Hypertensive emergency is characterized by severely elevated blood pressure with evidence of acute target organ damage, such as encephalopathy, myocardial infarction, or renal failure, requiring immediate medical intervention.
D. Primary hypertension, also known as essential hypertension, is high blood pressure without a known secondary cause and does not describe an acute emergency.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Rationale:
A. The radial pulse is not as reliable as the carotid pulse in assessing circulation during CPR.
B. The carotid pulse is the most reliable site to assess circulation in an adult during CPR because it is closest to the heart and will reflect the true status of central circulation.
C. The apical pulse is not typically assessed during CPR due to its location and difficulty in palpation.
D. The popliteal pulse is not a recommended site for assessing circulation during CPR.