Where are cells with aldosterone receptors found?
Posterior pituitary
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Adrenal medulla
The Correct Answer is C
A. Posterior pituitary releases hormones such as ADH (antidiuretic hormone), but it does not have aldosterone receptors.
B. Proximal convoluted tubule is involved in reabsorption, but it does not have aldosterone receptors.
C. Distal convoluted tubule: Aldosterone receptors are found in the cells of the distal convoluted tubule. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in this part of the nephron, which helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance.
D. Adrenal medulla produces catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline) but does not contain aldosterone receptors.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Azotemia is a condition characterized by elevated levels of nitrogenous waste products in the blood, not a direct by-product of protein catabolism.
B. Creatinine is a by-product of muscle metabolism, not directly from protein catabolism.
C. Uric acid is a by-product of nucleic acid metabolism, not protein catabolism.
D. Urea is a primary by-product of protein catabolism, formed in the liver and excreted by the kidneys. This is the correct answer.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Mucosa (mucous membrane): The mucosa is the innermost layer of the digestive tract, not the outermost. It includes the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae.
B. Serosa (mesentery): The serosa is the outermost layer of the digestive tract in parts where it is covered by peritoneum. It consists of a thin layer of areolar tissue topped by simple squamous epithelium.
C. Muscularis externa: The muscularis externa is a layer of muscle in the digestive tract, located beneath the serosa. It is not the outermost layer.
D. Submucosa: The submucosa is a layer of connective tissue located between the mucosa and muscularis externa. It is not the outermost layer.