When the nurse examines a toddler, she suggests to his mother that the activity that could most appropriately foster his developmental task according to Erikson would be to:
Read him a story every night.
Allow him to pull a talking-duck toy.
Feed him his lunch.
Have him watch a puppet show on television.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A rationale
Reading a story every night is beneficial for cognitive and language development but does not specifically address the developmental task of autonomy versus shame and doubt, which is the focus for toddlers according to Erikson.
Choice B rationale
Allowing a toddler to pull a talking-duck toy fosters autonomy and independence, which are key aspects of Erikson’s developmental stage for toddlers. This activity encourages the child to explore and make choices independently.
Choice C rationale
Feeding the toddler his lunch does not promote autonomy. Instead, it may contribute to dependence, which is contrary to the developmental task of this age group.
Choice D rationale
Watching a puppet show on television is a passive activity that does not actively engage the child in developing autonomy or independence.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Increased crying episodes are a common indicator of pain in infants. Crying is a behavioral response to discomfort and can be more intense or frequent when the infant is in pain. This response is due to the activation of the infant’s nervous system, which signals distress through crying.
Choice B rationale
Decreased respiratory rate is not typically associated with pain in infants. Pain usually causes an increase in respiratory rate due to the body’s stress response, which involves the release of adrenaline and other stress hormones that stimulate the respiratory system.
Choice C rationale
Decreased heart rate is also not a common sign of pain in infants. Pain generally leads to an increased heart rate as part of the body’s fight-or-flight response, which is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system.
Choice D rationale
Increased formula consumption is not an indicator of pain. In fact, pain might reduce an infant’s appetite and lead to decreased feeding. Pain can cause discomfort during feeding, leading to fussiness and refusal to eat.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
A positive Babinski reflex is normal in infants up to 2 years old and indicates normal neurological development.
Choice B rationale
A negative Doll’s eye reflex is concerning as it may indicate a neurological problem. However, it is not as critical as a positive Moro reflex in a 9-month-old.
Choice C rationale
A negative Crawl reflex may indicate developmental delays, but it is not as critical as a positive Moro reflex in a 9-month-old.
Choice D rationale
A positive Moro reflex is abnormal in a 9-month-old and may indicate neurological issues. This reflex typically disappears by 2 months of age.