When the nurse examines a toddler, she suggests to his mother that the activity that could most appropriately foster his developmental task according to Erikson would be to:
Read him a story every night.
Allow him to pull a talking-duck toy.
Feed him his lunch.
Have him watch a puppet show on television.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A rationale
Reading a story every night is beneficial for cognitive and language development but does not specifically address the developmental task of autonomy versus shame and doubt, which is the focus for toddlers according to Erikson.
Choice B rationale
Allowing a toddler to pull a talking-duck toy fosters autonomy and independence, which are key aspects of Erikson’s developmental stage for toddlers. This activity encourages the child to explore and make choices independently.
Choice C rationale
Feeding the toddler his lunch does not promote autonomy. Instead, it may contribute to dependence, which is contrary to the developmental task of this age group.
Choice D rationale
Watching a puppet show on television is a passive activity that does not actively engage the child in developing autonomy or independence.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Developing autonomy is a normal developmental milestone for toddlers. However, the behaviors described in the question (sitting quietly, sucking thumb, turning away) are more indicative of regression rather than autonomy.
Choice B rationale
Resentment toward the mother is not a typical developmental reaction for an 18-month-old toddler. The behaviors described are more indicative of regression due to the stress of hospitalization.
Choice C rationale
Anxiety reaction can occur in toddlers who are hospitalized, but the behaviors described (sitting quietly, sucking thumb, turning away) are more indicative of regression.
Choice D rationale
Regression is a common reaction in toddlers who are hospitalized. The behaviors described (sitting quietly, sucking thumb, turning away) are typical signs of regression, where the child reverts to earlier developmental behaviors as a coping mechanism.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist used for long-term control and prevention of asthma symptoms. It is not a rescue medication and does not provide immediate relief during an acute asthma attack. Montelukast works by reducing inflammation and preventing bronchoconstriction, but its effects are not rapid enough to address the immediate needs of a patient experiencing an acute asthma attack.
Choice B rationale
Albuterol is a short-acting beta-agonist (SABA) that provides rapid bronchodilation and is the first-line treatment for acute asthma attacks. It works by relaxing the smooth muscles in the airways, leading to quick relief of bronchospasm and improved airflow. Administering albuterol promptly can help alleviate symptoms and prevent the progression of an asthma attack, making it the priority medication in this scenario.
Choice C rationale
Fluticasone is an inhaled corticosteroid used for long-term control of asthma. It helps reduce inflammation in the airways and prevent asthma symptoms but is not effective as a rescue medication during an acute asthma attack. Inhaled corticosteroids are typically used as part of a daily maintenance regimen to manage chronic asthma and prevent exacerbations.
Choice D rationale
Budesonide is another inhaled corticosteroid used for long-term asthma control. Like fluticasone, it helps reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms but is not suitable for immediate relief during an acute asthma attack. Inhaled corticosteroids are important for managing chronic asthma but do not provide the rapid bronchodilation needed in an emergency situation.