When performing a cardiovascular assessment, what would the nurse understand about an S3 heart sound? Select all that apply
Can be caused by a poorly compliant (stiff) ventricle
Can occur with congestive heart failure
Heard just after S1
Always pathologic
Correct Answer : A,B,E
A. An S3 is often associated with a stiff or poorly compliant ventricle.
B. An S3 heart sound can be an indication of congestive heart failure in adults, as it reflects increased fluid volume and pressure in the ventricles.
C. S3 is heard just after S2, not S1.
D. The S3 heart sound is not always pathologic. It is often benign in children, adolescents, and young adults, where it may occur due to a rapid filling phase of the ventricles.
E. In adolescents and younger individuals, an S3 heart sound is usually considered a normal finding.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Decreased lung sounds on expiration are common in COPD patients due to airway obstruction but do not necessarily indicate an acute issue.
B. Respirations are 40 breaths/minute is a critical finding, as this rapid respiratory rate suggests significant respiratory distress or worsening hypoxemia, which needs immediate intervention to prevent further complications.
C. An anterior-posterior diameter ratio of 1:1 (barrel chest) is a common finding in advanced COPD but does not indicate acute worsening.
D. Hyperresonance to percussion is typical in patients with COPD due to air trapping and does not suggest an immediate emergency.
E. Decreased tactile fremitus may occur in COPD due to increased air trapping but is not an urgent finding requiring immediate reporting.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. A pulse of 60 is low but does not necessarily indicate a need to stop suctioning if the patient remains stable otherwise.
B. A pulse of 90 is within normal limits and does not require stopping suctioning.
C. An oxygen saturation of 92% is slightly low but still acceptable; suctioning can continue if the client is stable.
D. An oxygen saturation of 89% is below the acceptable threshold and indicates hypoxia, prompting the nurse to stop suctioning immediately to avoid further compromising the client's respiratory status.
E. A blood pressure of 130/80 is within normal limits and does not warrant cessation of suctioning.