When listening to heart sounds, which valve closures are heard best at the base of the heart. Select all that apply.
pulmonic
tricuspid
aortic
mitral
Correct Answer : A,C
A. Pulmonic valve closure is best heard at the base of the heart, near the second intercostal space at the left sternal border.
B. Tricuspid valve sounds are best heard at the lower left sternal border, near the apex rather than the base of the heart.
C. Aortic valve closure is also best heard at the base of the heart, near the second intercostal space on the right sternal border.
D. Mitral valve sounds are heard best at the apex of the heart, near the fifth intercostal space in the midclavicular line, not the base.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Poor electrical impulse conduction may lead to arrhythmias but does not cause a murmur.
B. A heart murmur is caused by turbulent blood flow, often through narrowed or leaking valves, creating an abnormal heart sound.
C. Left ventricular enlargement can contribute to other cardiac issues but does not directly cause murmurs.
D. Weak atrial contractions may lead to decreased cardiac output but not necessarily to a murmur.
E. While hypertension can affect the heart, it is not the direct cause of a murmur.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Hyperresonance is often heard in cases of pneumothorax or emphysema, not pneumonia.
B. Bubbling is not a percussed sound but rather a description of breath sounds or fluid.
C. Tympany is typically heard over hollow organs like the stomach and is not expected in lung assessment.
D. Dullness over lung tissue indicates fluid or consolidation, as seen in pneumonia.
E. Resonance is normal over healthy lung tissue but would not be expected over areas of consolidation.