When does oogenesis begin?
During pubarche
During embryonic development
During thelarche
At birth
The Correct Answer is B
A. During pubarche: Pubarche refers to the onset of puberty, but oogenesis (the formation of oocytes) begins much earlier, during embryonic development.
B. During embryonic development: Oogenesis begins during embryonic development when the female fetus's ovaries form and start producing primary oocytes. These oocytes remain in a suspended state until puberty.
C. During thelarche: Thelarche is the onset of breast development during puberty, but oogenesis starts long before this, during embryonic development.
D. At birth: While primary oocytes are present at birth, the process of oogenesis actually begins during embryonic development, not at birth.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Cutaneous transpiration: While cutaneous transpiration (evaporation of sweat from the skin) contributes to water loss, it is not the primary mechanism controlling water output.
B. Drinking: Drinking affects water intake rather than output. It does not directly control how much water is excreted from the body.
C. Urine volume: Urine volume is the primary means by which the body regulates water output. The kidneys adjust urine volume to maintain fluid balance and homeostasis.
D. Sweating: Sweating contributes to water loss but is not the primary mechanism for controlling overall water output compared to urine production.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Azotemia is a condition characterized by elevated levels of nitrogenous waste products in the blood, not a direct by-product of protein catabolism.
B. Creatinine is a by-product of muscle metabolism, not directly from protein catabolism.
C. Uric acid is a by-product of nucleic acid metabolism, not protein catabolism.
D. Urea is a primary by-product of protein catabolism, formed in the liver and excreted by the kidneys. This is the correct answer.