When completing a neurological assessment, which cranial nerves are tested within the mouth?
III, IV, VIII
III, II, VI
IX, X, XII
I, I, III
The Correct Answer is C
A. Cranial nerves III, IV, and VIII are not involved in mouth functions; they primarily deal with eye movements and hearing.
B. Cranial nerves III, II, and VI are involved in vision and eye movement but not in mouth functions.
C. Cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XII (hypoglossal) are all tested through functions such as swallowing, speech, and movement of the tongue, which occur in the mouth.
D. Option D incorrectly lists cranial nerve I twice; cranial nerve I (olfactory) is related to the sense of smell, not the mouth.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Lordosis is an exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine.
B. Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine, often characterized by an "S" or "C" shape when viewed from behind. This is the disorder depicted in the image.
C. Kyphosis is an exaggerated outward curvature of the thoracic spine, often leading to a hunchback appearance.
D. Funnel chest (pectus excavatum) is a condition where the breastbone sinks into the chest, creating a sunken appearance.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Ventricular tachycardia: Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is identified by a regular, fast rhythm with wide QRS complexes, typically without visible P waves. This rhythm often appears as consecutive, large, uniform waves, which is consistent with what is seen in the diagram.
B. Asystole: Asystole is characterized by a flat line, indicating no electrical activity, which is not present in this strip.
C. Normal sinus rhythm: Normal sinus rhythm would show identifiable P waves, a normal QRS complex, and a regular rate, which are not observed here.
D. Ventricular fibrillation: Ventricular fibrillation appears as chaotic, irregular waveforms with no clear QRS complexes or organization, which does not match the rhythm shown.