What signs and symptoms indicate hypoxia? Select all that apply.
Alert and oriented
Cyanosis
Anxiety and restlessness
Oxygen saturation 96%
Capillary refill 5 seconds
Correct Answer : B,C,E
A) Alert and oriented: Being alert and oriented typically indicates adequate oxygenation, not hypoxia. Patients experiencing hypoxia are more likely to show signs of confusion or altered mental status rather than clarity.
B) Cyanosis: Cyanosis is a classic sign of hypoxia, presenting as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to low oxygen levels in the blood. This is a significant indicator of inadequate oxygenation.
C) Anxiety and restlessness: These symptoms are common responses to hypoxia as the body attempts to compensate for insufficient oxygen. Patients may feel anxious or restless as they struggle to breathe or feel a sense of impending doom.
D) Oxygen saturation 96%: An oxygen saturation level of 96% is generally considered normal and indicates adequate oxygenation. Therefore, this finding does not suggest hypoxia.
E) Capillary refill 5 seconds: A prolonged capillary refill time can indicate poor perfusion and potential hypoxia. Inadequate blood flow can lead to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues, making this a relevant sign of hypoxia
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A) Obtain a height and weight and calculate a body mass index (BMI): Calculating BMI provides a valuable assessment of a patient’s body composition and overall health related to dietary habits. BMI is a widely used indicator that helps categorize individuals into underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese categories. Understanding where a patient falls within these categories can highlight the potential impact of dietary habits on health and guide further dietary interventions or education.
B) Review all medications the patient is taking: While reviewing medications is important, it primarily focuses on pharmacological management rather than directly assessing dietary habits. Some medications may have dietary restrictions or require specific nutrient intake, but this does not provide a comprehensive view of the patient's overall dietary habits and their effects on health.
C) Ask about how much food is eaten at an average meal: While inquiring about portion sizes is relevant, it does not give a full picture of dietary habits, including food variety, nutrient quality, and frequency of meals or snacks. A single question about average meal size may overlook other critical aspects of the patient’s eating patterns and nutritional intake.
D) Assess for the presence of any chronic disease processes: Evaluating chronic diseases is crucial for understanding health implications, but it does not directly assess dietary habits. Chronic conditions can be influenced by diet, but the assessment of dietary habits requires a more direct inquiry into nutritional intake and lifestyle choices rather than focusing solely on disease presence.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A) Short stature: While body height can play a role in overall musculoskeletal health, short stature is not specifically identified as a risk factor for disc herniation. Other physical characteristics have a more direct impact on spinal issues.
B) Anorexia: Although nutritional status is important for general health, anorexia is not a recognized risk factor for disc herniation. The condition is more related to physical stressors and age rather than dietary habits alone.
C) 39 years of age: Age is a significant risk factor for disc herniation. Most cases occur in adults aged 30 to 50, as degenerative changes in the spine increase vulnerability to herniation. At 39, the client falls within this high-risk age range.
D) Female gender: While certain musculoskeletal conditions may vary by gender, disc herniation does not have a strong gender predisposition. Both men and women are equally affected, making this option less relevant as a specific risk factor.