What is the principal cation of the ECF?
Na+
Ca2+
CL-
K+
The Correct Answer is A
A. Na+: Sodium (Na+) is the principal cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF), which includes interstitial fluid and blood plasma.
B. Ca2+: Calcium (Ca2+) is important in various bodily functions but is not the principal cation in the ECF. Sodium is more predominant in ECF.
C. Cl-: Chloride (Cl-) is the principal anion in the ECF, not a cation. Sodium is the principal cation.
D. K+: Potassium (K+) is the principal cation in the intracellular fluid (ICF), not the ECF. Sodium is the principal cation in the ECF.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein: The major chemical buffer systems in the body are the bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffer systems.
B. Glucose is not a buffering system; it is a primary energy source.
C. Magnesium is a mineral with various physiological roles but not a major chemical buffer system.
D. Creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism, not a buffer system.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. 32; 36. Aerobic respiration, including glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, can produce up to 36 ATP per glucose. Anaerobic fermentation, however, only produces 2 ATP per glucose, not 36.
B. 32; 2. Aerobic respiration, including glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, typically produces up to 36 ATP per glucose, though 32 is a commonly cited figure depending on the specifics of the process. Anaerobic fermentation produces 2 ATP per glucose. The discrepancy in ATP production is due to differences in efficiency and accounting for the energy yield in different conditions.
C. 2; about the same, varying from one tissue to another. Anaerobic fermentation produces 2 ATP per glucose, but aerobic respiration (including glycolysis and subsequent steps) produces up to 36 ATP. The "about the same" part is not accurate for aerobic versus anaerobic processes.
D. 32; none. Anaerobic fermentation does produce ATP, specifically 2 ATP per glucose. Aerobic respiration produces up to 36 ATP per glucose.
E. 36; about the same, varying from one tissue to another. Aerobic respiration can produce up to 36 ATP per glucose, and anaerobic fermentation produces only 2 ATP per glucose. The ATP production difference is significant and not “about the same.”