What is the principal cation of the ECF?
Na+
Ca2+
CL-
K+
The Correct Answer is A
A. Na+: Sodium (Na+) is the principal cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF), which includes interstitial fluid and blood plasma.
B. Ca2+: Calcium (Ca2+) is important in various bodily functions but is not the principal cation in the ECF. Sodium is more predominant in ECF.
C. Cl-: Chloride (Cl-) is the principal anion in the ECF, not a cation. Sodium is the principal cation.
D. K+: Potassium (K+) is the principal cation in the intracellular fluid (ICF), not the ECF. Sodium is the principal cation in the ECF.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Renal filtrate refers to the fluid filtered from the blood in the glomerulus, which is the initial stage of urine formation. It does not immediately precede urine.
B. Tubular fluid is the filtrate as it passes through the nephron tubules, undergoing various processes like reabsorption and secretion. This fluid eventually becomes urine, after the final adjustments in the collecting duct.
C. Plasma is the liquid component of blood that is filtered by the glomerulus, but it is not the direct precursor to urine.
D. Glomerular filtrate is the fluid filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus and is the precursor to tubular fluid, not directly to urine.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Posterior pituitary releases hormones such as ADH (antidiuretic hormone), but it does not have aldosterone receptors.
B. Proximal convoluted tubule is involved in reabsorption, but it does not have aldosterone receptors.
C. Distal convoluted tubule: Aldosterone receptors are found in the cells of the distal convoluted tubule. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in this part of the nephron, which helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance.
D. Adrenal medulla produces catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline) but does not contain aldosterone receptors.