What is the major reason that monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are rarely used in clinical practice today?
They are under a scheduled drug classification.
They are ineffective in treating depression or anxiety disorders.
They can cause gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and esophageal varices.
They may cause dangerous interactions with some foods and drugs.
The Correct Answer is D
A. While MAOIs may have some regulatory considerations, they are not classified under a scheduled drug classification like controlled substances.
B. MAOIs are effective in treating depression and anxiety disorders, which is not the reason for their limited use.
C. Although MAOIs can have some side effects, they are more notably associated with dietary and drug interactions rather than causing GI bleeding or esophageal varices.
D. MAOIs can cause dangerous interactions with foods that contain tyramine (like aged cheeses and fermented products) and certain medications, leading to hypertensive crises, making their use cautious and limiting in clinical practice.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. By directly relaxing vascular smooth muscle is not how lisinopril primarily works; it does not act directly on smooth muscle but rather affects hormonal pathways.
B. By blocking aldosterone from binding to mineralocorticoid receptors is a secondary effect of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors but not the primary action of lisinopril itself.
C. By blocking the movement of calcium ions into arterial smooth muscles describes the action of calcium channel blockers, not ACE inhibitors like lisinopril.
D. By inhibiting the transformation of angiotensin I to angiotensin II is the correct answer because lisinopril inhibits the ACE enzyme, reducing the production of angiotensin II, which lowers blood pressure and decreases strain on the heart.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Clients with hepatitis C experience liver impairment, which is crucial for drug metabolism; hence, they are likely to have impaired drug metabolism.
B. Treatment for basal cell skin cancer typically does not affect liver function significantly, so drug metabolism is less likely to be impaired.
C. Clients requiring dialysis have impaired renal function, affecting drug excretion more than metabolism, so they may not necessarily have impaired drug metabolism.
D. Dehydration following diarrhea can affect the body's overall function, but it is less directly related to impaired drug metabolism compared to liver dysfunction.