What are the major chemical buffer systems of the body?
The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
The urinary and digestive
The bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein
The urinary and respiratory
The Correct Answer is A
A. The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein: The major chemical buffer systems in the body are the bicarbonate buffer system, the phosphate buffer system, and the protein buffer system. These buffers help maintain pH balance in the blood and other fluids.
B. The urinary and digestive: The urinary and digestive systems are involved in excretion and digestion, not buffering.
C. The bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein: Nucleic acids are not major buffering systems in the body; the bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein systems are the primary ones.
D. The urinary and respiratory systems play roles in regulating acid-base balance through excretion and gas exchange but are not chemical buffer systems themselves.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Extracellular fluid (ECF) includes all the fluid outside of cells, such as interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and lymph. However, the majority of body water is found inside the cells.
B. Blood plasma and lymph are components of the extracellular fluid. Although they contain water, they do not hold the greatest volume compared to intracellular fluid.
C. Intracellular fluid (ICF) refers to the fluid within the cells, and it constitutes the largest volume of water in the body.
D. Tissue (interstitial) fluid is part of the extracellular fluid found between cells. While it contains a significant amount of water, it does not account for the greatest volume in the body.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. It increases both Na+ and K+ secretion: Aldosterone increases sodium (Na+) reabsorption and potassium (K+) secretion, but it does not increase the secretion of both ions.
B. It causes the urine to be more diluted. Aldosterone causes the urine to be more concentrated by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
C. It reduces Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. Aldosterone actually increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion, not reduces them.
D. It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys and increases potassium secretion, leading to more concentrated urine.