Water output is largely controlled by varying
cutaneous transpiration
drinking
urine volume
sweating
The Correct Answer is C
A. Cutaneous transpiration: While cutaneous transpiration (evaporation of sweat from the skin) contributes to water loss, it is not the primary mechanism controlling water output.
B. Drinking: Drinking affects water intake rather than output. It does not directly control how much water is excreted from the body.
C. Urine volume: Urine volume is the primary means by which the body regulates water output. The kidneys adjust urine volume to maintain fluid balance and homeostasis.
D. Sweating: Sweating contributes to water loss but is not the primary mechanism for controlling overall water output compared to urine production.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen, not HCl.
B. Parietal cells in the stomach lining are responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid (HCl). This acid is crucial for digestion and killing pathogens.
C. Mucous cells secrete mucus, which protects the stomach lining from the acidic environment. They do not secrete HCl.
D. Regenerative (stem) cells are involved in the renewal of the stomach lining, but they do not secrete HCl.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. The neural tube and yolk sac have formed: By 8 weeks, the neural tube and yolk sac have formed, but this is not the criterion for defining a fetus.
B. The amniotic cavity has formed: The formation of the amniotic cavity occurs earlier in development and is not the defining feature of a fetus.
C. All of the organ systems are present: By the end of 8 weeks, the basic structures of all major organ systems are present, which is why the embryo is referred to as a fetus from this point onwards.
D. The mesoderm has formed: The formation of the mesoderm occurs earlier and is not the defining factor for fetal status. By 8 weeks, more significant development, including the presence of organ systems, has occurred.