. The outermost layer of the digestive tract, which is composed of a thin layer of areola tissue:
mucosa (mucous membrane)
serosa (mesentery)
muscularis externa
Submucosa
The Correct Answer is B
A. Mucosa (mucous membrane): The mucosa is the innermost layer of the digestive tract, not the outermost. It includes the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae.
B. Serosa (mesentery): The serosa is the outermost layer of the digestive tract in parts where it is covered by peritoneum. It consists of a thin layer of areolar tissue topped by simple squamous epithelium.
C. Muscularis externa: The muscularis externa is a layer of muscle in the digestive tract, located beneath the serosa. It is not the outermost layer.
D. Submucosa: The submucosa is a layer of connective tissue located between the mucosa and muscularis externa. It is not the outermost layer.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Pyelitis is an infection of the renal pelvis and does not cause sweet-smelling urine.
B. Diabetes mellitus often causes glycosuria (glucose in urine), which can make urine taste sweet.
C. Renal calculus (kidney stones) does not affect urine sweetness.
D. Acute glomerulonephritis affects kidney function and urine appearance but does not specifically cause sweet-smelling urine.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Amino acids; proteins: Amino acids are the end products of protein digestion, not the substrates that are broken down.
B. Polysaccharides; amino acids: Polysaccharides are broken down into simple sugars (monosaccharides), not amino acids.
C. Proteins; nucleotides: Proteins are broken down into amino acids, not nucleotides. Nucleotides are components of nucleic acids, not proteins.
D. Nucleic acids; nucleotides: Nucleic acids (such as DNA and RNA) are broken down into nucleotides.