. The outermost layer of the digestive tract, which is composed of a thin layer of areola tissue:
mucosa (mucous membrane)
serosa (mesentery)
muscularis externa
Submucosa
The Correct Answer is B
A. Mucosa (mucous membrane): The mucosa is the innermost layer of the digestive tract, not the outermost. It includes the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae.
B. Serosa (mesentery): The serosa is the outermost layer of the digestive tract in parts where it is covered by peritoneum. It consists of a thin layer of areolar tissue topped by simple squamous epithelium.
C. Muscularis externa: The muscularis externa is a layer of muscle in the digestive tract, located beneath the serosa. It is not the outermost layer.
D. Submucosa: The submucosa is a layer of connective tissue located between the mucosa and muscularis externa. It is not the outermost layer.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Aerobic respiration; anaerobic fermentation: Aerobic respiration primarily occurs in the mitochondrion, and anaerobic fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm. Therefore, this is incorrect.
B. Glycolysis; the citric acid (Krebs) cycle: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, breaking down glucose into pyruvate. The citric acid (Krebs) cycle takes place in the mitochondrion, where it further processes pyruvate for energy production.
C. The citric acid (Krebs) cycle; mitochondrial electron-transport: Both the citric acid cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain occur in the mitochondrion.
D. Anaerobic fermentation; glycolysis: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic pathways, but anaerobic fermentation also occurs in the cytoplasm, so this option is not accurate in distinguishing between processes happening in different locations.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Glomerulus is involved in filtering blood but not in producing hypertonic urine.
B. Collecting duct reabsorbs water and concentrates urine, making it hypertonic.
C. Nephron loop (loop of Henle) creates a concentration gradient in the medulla that helps in water reabsorption but is not the primary site for final urine concentration. This option is partially correct but less specific than the collecting duct.
D. Proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs a significant portion of water and solutes but does not produce hypertonic urine.