The nurse is presenting information to the public regarding steps to decrease the risk for cancer development. The nurse includes which information as a form of primary prevention?
Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination in teenagers
BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing when the client's mother and sister died of ovarian cancer
Annual mammogram for women over 40 years
Rehabilitation exercises for those who received chemotherapy
The Correct Answer is A
A. The HPV vaccination is a form of primary prevention as it aims to prevent the initial occurrence of cervical cancer by protecting against the human papillomavirus, which is a major risk factor for this cancer.
B. BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing is a form of genetic testing used for risk assessment rather than prevention; it helps identify individuals at high risk for breast and ovarian cancers but does not prevent cancer itself.
C. Annual mammograms are a secondary prevention measure aimed at early detection of breast cancer rather than preventing the disease from occurring, as they help identify cancer in its early stages.
D. Rehabilitation exercises post-chemotherapy are supportive measures for patients undergoing treatment; they do not constitute primary prevention, which focuses on measures taken before cancer develops.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. A lesion of cranial nerve IX primarily affects swallowing and taste sensations rather than motor coordination or balance, so this is unlikely to explain the patient's symptoms.
B. Vestibular disease typically results in vertigo and balance issues, but the specific observations of slow alternating movements and loss of balance during the Romberg Test suggest a different underlying cause.
C. Dysfunction of the cerebellum would explain the patient's difficulties with rapid alternating movements and balance issues, as the cerebellum is responsible for coordinating motor activity and maintaining posture and balance. This aligns with the assessment findings, indicating a probable cerebellar dysfunction.
D. While an AVM in the frontal lobe could affect motor control, the specific symptoms presented, such as the inability to perform rapid movements and balance issues, are more characteristic of cerebellar dysfunction rather than a frontal lobe lesion.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Large tumors with distant metastasis may not respond well to radiation therapy, as the effectiveness diminishes when cancer spreads beyond the primary site.
B. While radiation can be effective for superficial cancers, it is most impactful when the cancer is localized.
C. Radiation therapy is most effective for localized cancers, where the treatment can target the tumor directly without affecting surrounding healthy tissues extensively.
D. Cancer spread to multiple sites in one organ complicates treatment and may reduce the efficacy of radiation therapy, as multiple targets may require different approaches.