The nurse is presenting information to the public regarding steps to decrease the risk for cancer development. The nurse includes which information as a form of primary prevention?
Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination in teenagers
BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing when the client's mother and sister died of ovarian cancer
Annual mammogram for women over 40 years
Rehabilitation exercises for those who received chemotherapy
The Correct Answer is A
A. The HPV vaccination is a form of primary prevention as it aims to prevent the initial occurrence of cervical cancer by protecting against the human papillomavirus, which is a major risk factor for this cancer.
B. BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing is a form of genetic testing used for risk assessment rather than prevention; it helps identify individuals at high risk for breast and ovarian cancers but does not prevent cancer itself.
C. Annual mammograms are a secondary prevention measure aimed at early detection of breast cancer rather than preventing the disease from occurring, as they help identify cancer in its early stages.
D. Rehabilitation exercises post-chemotherapy are supportive measures for patients undergoing treatment; they do not constitute primary prevention, which focuses on measures taken before cancer develops.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Reading glasses do not offer sufficient protection against the light sensitivity that results from photodynamic therapy. Special protective eyewear is needed to protect the eyes from exposure to bright light during recovery.
B. Clients are usually instructed to fast before treatments that involve anesthesia or sedation, such as photodynamic therapy. Eating a full breakfast is not typically recommended before this type of treatment.
C. After photodynamic therapy, clients become extremely sensitive to light, including sunlight. Exposure to sunlight or strong indoor lights can cause skin damage, so clients are advised to avoid sun exposure for at least 6 weeks.
D. Skin markings made for treatment guidance should be preserved between treatments, but this is less critical in photodynamic therapy compared to radiation therapy, where precise location is essential for targeting tumors.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. An otoscope is used to examine the ear canal and tympanic membrane, not to assess cranial nerve III. This tool is more relevant for assessing cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear), which is responsible for hearing and balance.
B. A penlight is used to assess CN III (oculomotor) by evaluating the pupil's response to light and the ability to move the eye. This nerve controls most of the eye's movements, including constriction of the pupil in response to light.
C. A cotton ball is used to test the sensory function of cranial nerve V (trigeminal), which is responsible for facial sensation. It is not used for assessing CN III.
D. Lavender or other scents may be used to test CN I (olfactory), responsible for the sense of smell, but it is not related to CN III, which governs eye movements and pupil reactions.