The nurse is presenting information to the public regarding steps to decrease the risk for cancer development. The nurse includes which information as a form of primary prevention?
Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination in teenagers
BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing when the client's mother and sister died of ovarian cancer
Annual mammogram for women over 40 years
Rehabilitation exercises for those who received chemotherapy
The Correct Answer is A
A. The HPV vaccination is a form of primary prevention as it aims to prevent the initial occurrence of cervical cancer by protecting against the human papillomavirus, which is a major risk factor for this cancer.
B. BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing is a form of genetic testing used for risk assessment rather than prevention; it helps identify individuals at high risk for breast and ovarian cancers but does not prevent cancer itself.
C. Annual mammograms are a secondary prevention measure aimed at early detection of breast cancer rather than preventing the disease from occurring, as they help identify cancer in its early stages.
D. Rehabilitation exercises post-chemotherapy are supportive measures for patients undergoing treatment; they do not constitute primary prevention, which focuses on measures taken before cancer develops.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. The prone position is not suitable post-craniotomy as it can increase intracranial pressure and may compromise respiratory function.
B. The dorsal recumbent position is not ideal for patients post-craniotomy, as it can hinder optimal intracranial pressure management.
C. The lateral recumbent position is generally avoided immediately after craniotomy to prevent pressure on the surgical site and ensure proper cerebral perfusion.
D. The Semi-Fowler's position helps reduce intracranial pressure, promotes venous drainage, and is generally recommended for post-operative care following a craniotomy.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Large tumors with distant metastasis may not respond well to radiation therapy, as the effectiveness diminishes when cancer spreads beyond the primary site.
B. While radiation can be effective for superficial cancers, it is most impactful when the cancer is localized.
C. Radiation therapy is most effective for localized cancers, where the treatment can target the tumor directly without affecting surrounding healthy tissues extensively.
D. Cancer spread to multiple sites in one organ complicates treatment and may reduce the efficacy of radiation therapy, as multiple targets may require different approaches.