The nurse is presenting information to the public regarding steps to decrease the risk for cancer development. The nurse includes which information as a form of primary prevention?
Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination in teenagers
BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing when the client's mother and sister died of ovarian cancer
Annual mammogram for women over 40 years
Rehabilitation exercises for those who received chemotherapy
The Correct Answer is A
A. The HPV vaccination is a form of primary prevention as it aims to prevent the initial occurrence of cervical cancer by protecting against the human papillomavirus, which is a major risk factor for this cancer.
B. BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing is a form of genetic testing used for risk assessment rather than prevention; it helps identify individuals at high risk for breast and ovarian cancers but does not prevent cancer itself.
C. Annual mammograms are a secondary prevention measure aimed at early detection of breast cancer rather than preventing the disease from occurring, as they help identify cancer in its early stages.
D. Rehabilitation exercises post-chemotherapy are supportive measures for patients undergoing treatment; they do not constitute primary prevention, which focuses on measures taken before cancer develops.
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Correct Answer is ["A","B","D","E"]
Explanation
A. Pain control options should be appropriate to the setting because different environments (e.g., home vs. hospital) may require different approaches to pain management, ensuring that the interventions align with the patient's needs and the context.
B. Timely and logical delivery of pain relief interventions is critical for effective pain management. Delays in treatment can lead to unnecessary suffering and complicate the overall management of the patient's condition.
C. Asking about pain only once a shift is insufficient for effective pain management. Pain can fluctuate frequently, especially in a client with cancer, so regular assessment is essential to address pain promptly.
D. Believing that pain is what the client reports it to be is fundamental to effective pain management. Pain is subjective, and clients' experiences and expressions of pain should be taken seriously to guide appropriate interventions.
E. A team approach is often the most effective for pain management, as it allows for a comprehensive plan that integrates multiple perspectives and disciplines, including nursing, medical, and possibly palliative care professionals, ensuring a holistic approach to managing pain.
Correct Answer is ["A","D","E"]
Explanation
A. Encouraging the use of an incentive spirometer helps prevent respiratory complications and promotes lung expansion, thereby reducing the risk of infection, particularly pneumonia.
B. While early mobilization is important for recovery, assisting the client out of bed on post-operative day 1 may not be appropriate depending on the patient's condition; this option is not directly related to infection prevention.
C. Repositioning every four hours is important for pressure ulcer prevention but does not directly impact infection risk; more frequent repositioning may be necessary to ensure adequate skin integrity and circulation.
D. Utilizing aseptic technique while changing the dressing is crucial for preventing infection at the surgical site, making this a vital intervention.
E. Maintaining TEDS (thromboembolic deterrent stockings) and SCDs (sequential compression devices) helps prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and improves circulation, which can indirectly reduce infection risk by promoting better blood flow.