The nurse is preparing a teaching plan for a group of well-educated clients who were found to be HIV positive within the last year. The nurse should explain that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acts in which way to suppress the immune system?
Increase in B-lymphocytes and IgM.
Destruction of helper T-cells and CD4 cells.
Deficiency of cytotoxic T cells.
Proliferation of suppressor T-cells.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A rationale
An increase in B-lymphocytes and IgM is not how HIV suppresses the immune system. B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies, and IgM is a type of antibody. HIV primarily affects T-lymphocytes, specifically helper T-cells (CD4 cells), rather than B-lymphocytes.
Choice B rationale
The destruction of helper T-cells and CD4 cells is the primary mechanism by which HIV suppresses the immune system. HIV targets and infects these cells, leading to their depletion. Helper T-cells play a crucial role in coordinating the immune response, and their loss results in a weakened immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections and diseases.
Choice C rationale
A deficiency of cytotoxic T cells is not the primary mechanism by which HIV suppresses the immune system. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 cells) are involved in directly killing infected cells, but the main impact of HIV is on helper T-cells (CD4 cells), which are essential for orchestrating the immune response.
Choice D rationale
The proliferation of suppressor T-cells is not how HIV suppresses the immune system. Suppressor T-cells (regulatory T cells) help regulate and control the immune response, but HIV primarily affects helper T-cells (CD4 cells), leading to their destruction and a weakened immune system.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Total protein levels are not directly related to the symptoms of pallor and fatigue. While important, they do not provide immediate insight into the client’s current condition.
Choice B rationale
Sodium levels are crucial for overall health but are not directly related to the symptoms of pallor and fatigue. Monitoring sodium is important for fluid balance but not for diagnosing anemia.
Choice C rationale
Glucose levels are essential for managing diabetes and other metabolic conditions but are not directly related to the symptoms of pallor and fatigue. Monitoring glucose is important for overall health but not for diagnosing anemia.
Choice D rationale
Hemoglobin levels are directly related to the symptoms of pallor and fatigue. Diclofenac, an NSAID, can cause gastrointestinal bleeding, leading to anemia. Therefore, reviewing hemoglobin levels is crucial in this scenario.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Laying down on each side with knees bent and breathing from the abdomen is not an effective technique for improving gas exchange in emphysema patients.
Choice B rationale
Increasing the breathing rate for a full 30 seconds can lead to hyperventilation and is not recommended for improving gas exchange.
Choice C rationale
Raising hands above the head to expand the diaphragm is not a recognized technique for improving gas exchange in emphysema patients.
Choice D rationale
Drawing air in through the nose and exhaling slowly through pursed lips is an effective technique for improving gas exchange in emphysema patients. This method helps to keep the airways open longer and improves the removal of trapped air.