The nurse is educating student nurses on the difference between the upper and lower respiratory tract. Which medications are primarily used for upper respiratory conditions? (Select All that Apply.)
Decongestants
H2 Antagonist
H1 Antagonist
Long-Acting Beta Agonist (LABA)
Short Acting Beta agonist (SABA)
Mast Cell Stabilizers
Correct Answer : A,C
A) Decongestants: These medications are primarily used to relieve nasal congestion associated with upper respiratory conditions such as allergic rhinitis and the common cold. They work by constricting blood vessels in the nasal passages, thereby reducing swelling and congestion. Common examples include pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine.
B) H2 Antagonist: H2 antagonists are primarily used to reduce gastric acid secretion and treat conditions such as peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). They are not indicated for upper respiratory conditions, so this option does not apply.
C) H1 Antagonist: H1 antagonists, or antihistamines, are used to alleviate symptoms of allergies, hay fever, and other upper respiratory conditions by blocking the effects of histamine. This class includes both first-generation antihistamines (like diphenhydramine) and second-generation antihistamines (like cetirizine), making them relevant for upper respiratory issues.
D) Long-Acting Beta Agonist (LABA): LABAs are primarily used for the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), targeting the lower respiratory tract. They are not typically used for upper respiratory conditions, so this option does not apply.
E) Short Acting Beta Agonist (SABA): SABAs, such as albuterol, are primarily used for acute asthma attacks and bronchospasm in conditions like COPD. They act on the lower respiratory tract and are not indicated for upper respiratory conditions.
F) Mast Cell Stabilizers: These medications are used to prevent allergic reactions and asthma symptoms by stabilizing mast cells and preventing the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators. While they may have a role in allergic rhinitis, they are not the primary treatment for upper respiratory tract conditions, making this option less applicable compared to decongestants and H1 antagonists.
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View Related questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. This medication is for long-term treatment for asthma: This statement indicates an accurate understanding of montelukast. It is a leukotriene receptor antagonist used for long-term control and management of asthma symptoms and to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.
B. This medication has a tendency to produce anaphylaxis: This statement is incorrect. While allergic reactions can occur with montelukast, it is not commonly associated with anaphylaxis. Clients should be aware of potential side effects, but anaphylaxis is not a common risk.
C. I can repeat this medication twice prior to seeking medical attention: This statement is misleading. Montelukast is taken once daily for asthma management, and it is not meant to be repeated or used as a rescue medication in acute situations. Clients should seek medical attention for worsening symptoms instead of relying on repeating doses.
D. Bloodwork is required regularly to monitor the therapeutic levels of this medication: This statement is incorrect. Montelukast does not require routine blood monitoring for therapeutic levels, unlike some other medications used for asthma management. It is generally well-tolerated without the need for regular blood tests.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Inhibits the production of leukotrienes and histamine, preventing further asthma attacks: This statement is misleading. Omalizumab does not directly inhibit the production of leukotrienes or histamine; rather, it works by targeting IgE, which is involved in the allergic response.
B. Inhibits mast cells from releasing histamine, preventing further asthma attacks: While omalizumab does reduce the overall allergic response, it does so by binding to IgE rather than directly inhibiting mast cell activity. Therefore, this description does not accurately represent its primary mechanism of action.
C. Selectively binds to IgE, reducing allergic mediators and asthma attacks: This statement correctly describes the mechanism of action of omalizumab. By binding to immunoglobulin E (IgE), omalizumab prevents IgE from attaching to mast cells and basophils, thus reducing the release of allergic mediators that contribute to asthma attacks.
D. Stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors to assist in reduction of allergic-related symptoms: This statement is incorrect. Omalizumab does not stimulate alpha-adrenergic receptors; such action is associated with certain bronchodilators. Omalizumab specifically targets IgE to mitigate allergic responses.