The nurse is educating student nurses on the difference between the upper and lower respiratory tract. Which medications are primarily used for upper respiratory conditions? (Select All that Apply.)
Decongestants
H2 Antagonist
H1 Antagonist
Long-Acting Beta Agonist (LABA)
Short Acting Beta agonist (SABA)
Mast Cell Stabilizers
Correct Answer : A,C
A) Decongestants: These medications are primarily used to relieve nasal congestion associated with upper respiratory conditions such as allergic rhinitis and the common cold. They work by constricting blood vessels in the nasal passages, thereby reducing swelling and congestion. Common examples include pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine.
B) H2 Antagonist: H2 antagonists are primarily used to reduce gastric acid secretion and treat conditions such as peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). They are not indicated for upper respiratory conditions, so this option does not apply.
C) H1 Antagonist: H1 antagonists, or antihistamines, are used to alleviate symptoms of allergies, hay fever, and other upper respiratory conditions by blocking the effects of histamine. This class includes both first-generation antihistamines (like diphenhydramine) and second-generation antihistamines (like cetirizine), making them relevant for upper respiratory issues.
D) Long-Acting Beta Agonist (LABA): LABAs are primarily used for the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), targeting the lower respiratory tract. They are not typically used for upper respiratory conditions, so this option does not apply.
E) Short Acting Beta Agonist (SABA): SABAs, such as albuterol, are primarily used for acute asthma attacks and bronchospasm in conditions like COPD. They act on the lower respiratory tract and are not indicated for upper respiratory conditions.
F) Mast Cell Stabilizers: These medications are used to prevent allergic reactions and asthma symptoms by stabilizing mast cells and preventing the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators. While they may have a role in allergic rhinitis, they are not the primary treatment for upper respiratory tract conditions, making this option less applicable compared to decongestants and H1 antagonists.
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View Related questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Tachycardia: Theophylline can stimulate the heart, leading to an increase in heart rate. Tachycardia is a common adverse effect associated with theophylline use, and it is essential for the client to be aware of this potential side effect, especially if they have underlying heart conditions.
B. Constipation: While gastrointestinal side effects can occur with theophylline, constipation is not a primary or common adverse effect. Theophylline may actually lead to gastrointestinal upset or increased gastric acid production rather than causing constipation.
C. Drowsiness: Theophylline typically does not cause drowsiness. In fact, it is more likely to
cause restlessness or insomnia, as it is a stimulant. Thus, advising the client about drowsiness is not relevant in this case.
D. Oliguria: Oliguria (reduced urine output) is not a common adverse effect of theophylline. Theophylline can affect kidney function indirectly but does not typically present as oliguria. Monitoring for any renal changes is essential, but oliguria is not a primary concern.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Stimulates effects of histamine by occupying all H receptor sites: This statement inaccurately describes the action of diphenhydramine. Instead of stimulating histamine effects, diphenhydramine actually blocks them, particularly at H1 receptors, which areinvolved in allergic responses.
B. Blocks effects of histamine by competing and occupying H1 receptor sites: This accurately describes the mechanism of action of diphenhydramine. As an antihistamine, it competes with histamine for binding to H1 receptor sites, effectively reducing symptoms of allergies, such as sneezing, itching, and nasal congestion.
C. Blocks effects of histamine by competing and occupying H2 receptor sites: This option is incorrect because H2 receptor antagonists are used primarily to reduce gastric acid secretion, not to treat allergic reactions. Diphenhydramine specifically targets H1 receptors, not H2 receptors.
D. Stimulates effects of histamine by increasing the amount of H2 receptor sites: This statement is also incorrect. Diphenhydramine does not stimulate histamine activity or increase receptor sites. Instead, it functions to inhibit the action of histamine at H1 receptors, which is fundamental in alleviating allergy symptoms.