The nurse is educating adolescent high school students about when to seek medical attention regarding suspected cancerous skin lesions. Which of the following are included in the nurse's teaching? The lesion has:
An irregular border.
Asymmetrical shape.
Been increasing in size.
A diameter of less than 4 mm.
Ecchymosis.
Correct Answer : A,B,C
A. An irregular border is a key characteristic of potentially cancerous skin lesions, particularly melanoma. Melanomas often have uneven, poorly defined edges.
B. Asymmetry is another sign of melanoma. If one half of a lesion does not match the other in shape or size, it should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.
C. Any lesion that has been increasing in size, particularly over a short period, is a concern and should be checked. Rapid growth can be a sign of malignancy.
D. A lesion with a diameter of less than 4 mm is generally less concerning, as most cancerous lesions are larger. However, the other factors (such as asymmetry and border irregularity) are more significant for diagnosis.
E. Ecchymosis (bruising) is not typically associated with cancerous skin lesions. Skin cancers like melanoma present as new or changing moles, not bruising.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. While being alert for non-verbal clues for pain or discomfort is important, it does not directly address the risk for ineffective airway clearance.
B. Answering for the client during rounds with the physician may compromise the client's ability to communicate their needs and concerns, which is not appropriate.
C. Assessment of the ability to cough and swallow is crucial for clients who have undergone oral surgery, as it directly relates to their airway clearance and safety in managing secretions.
D. Providing enough time for the client to respond is important for overall communication and comfort but does not specifically address the risk for ineffective airway clearance, which requires more targeted interventions.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. A history of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery is not a direct risk factor for colorectal cancer; in some cases, it may reduce risk due to weight loss and dietary changes.
B. A high fiber, low fat diet is considered protective against colorectal cancer rather than a risk factor.
C. A personal history of inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, significantly increases the risk for developing colorectal cancer due to chronic inflammation and cellular changes in the colon.
D. Having a distant relative with colorectal cancer may increase risk, but the personal history of inflammatory bowel disease is a stronger risk factor warranting emphasis in teaching.