The nurse is educating a patient with diabetes about long-term complications of the disease. Which of the following complications should the nurse include in the teaching?
Asthma
Osteoporosis
Liver cirrhosis
Cardiovascular disease
The Correct Answer is D
A. Asthma: Asthma is a respiratory condition and is not a common complication associated with diabetes.
B. Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a bone disease more commonly associated with hormonal changes, aging, or steroid use, not directly linked to diabetes.
C. Liver cirrhosis: Liver cirrhosis is usually caused by alcohol use, hepatitis, or other liver diseases, not directly due to diabetes.
D. Cardiovascular disease: Diabetes is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease due to its association with atherosclerosis, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Reposition the client at least every two hours. Regular repositioning reduces prolonged pressure on specific areas of the body, which helps prevent the formation of pressure injuries.
B. Encourage the client to limit fluid intake. Adequate hydration is important for skin integrity. Limiting fluid intake could lead to dehydration, increasing the risk for skin breakdown.
C. Use a donut-shaped cushion under the client's hips. Donut-shaped cushions can actually increase pressure around the edges of the cushion and restrict blood flow, which could worsen pressure injury risk.
D. Apply a heating pad to the client's back every four hours. Heat can cause skin damage and may increase the risk of burns. Temperature regulation is important, but heating pads are not recommended for pressure injury prevention.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Include high-fat foods to maintain weight. High-fat foods can worsen symptoms in ulcerative colitis by increasing bowel irritation and causing malabsorption. A balanced diet that is low in fat is usually recommended.
B. Eat three large meals a day to ensure adequate nutrition. Large meals can increase digestive workload and exacerbate symptoms. Smaller, more frequent meals are generally better tolerated.
C. Increase intake of dairy products to boost calcium levels. Many patients with ulcerative colitis are lactose intolerant or sensitive to dairy, which can worsen symptoms. Calcium can be obtained from other sources if needed.
D. Consume a low-fiber diet to minimize bowel irritation. A low-fiber diet can reduce mechanical irritation in the bowel, which is beneficial during flare-ups of ulcerative colitis.