The nurse is caring for a patient with heart failure. Which of the following treatment goals should the nurse prioritize?
Administer high-calorie diet to prevent weight loss.
Reduce sodium intake to help manage fluid retention.
Encourage complete bed rest to reduce cardiac workload.
Increase fluid intake to maintain hydration.
The Correct Answer is B
A. Administer high-calorie diet to prevent weight loss. While adequate nutrition is important, a high-calorie diet is not the primary priority in managing heart failure. Sodium and fluid management are usually more crucial to control fluid overload.
B. Reduce sodium intake to help manage fluid retention. Reducing sodium intake is a priority in heart failure management as it helps prevent fluid retention, which reduces workload on the heart and decreases symptoms of fluid overload.
C. Encourage complete bed rest to reduce cardiac workload. Complete bed rest is not recommended as it can lead to deconditioning and increased risk of blood clots. Activity should be balanced according to the patient’s tolerance.
D. Increase fluid intake to maintain hydration. In heart failure, increasing fluid intake could worsen fluid overload. Fluid restriction may be necessary to prevent excess fluid retention.
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Correct Answer is ["B","C","D","E"]
Explanation
A. Family history. Family history is a non-modifiable risk factor for heart disease, as it is genetic and cannot be changed.
B. Smoking. Smoking is a modifiable risk factor. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease.
C. Sedentary Lifestyle. Physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor. Increasing activity levels can help lower the risk of heart disease.
D. Diabetes. While diabetes itself may be a chronic condition, managing blood sugar through diet, medication, and lifestyle changes can reduce heart disease risk.
E. Hypertension. Hypertension is a modifiable risk factor. Controlling blood pressure through medication, diet, and exercise can reduce heart disease risk.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Inflammation of the motor cortex leads to decreased coordination and balance. Parkinson’s disease is not caused by inflammation in the motor cortex; it primarily involves the loss of dopamine-producing neurons.
B. Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain leads to motor dysfunction. Parkinson’s disease is caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia.
C. A loss of acetylcholine in the brain leads to memory problems and cognitive decline. While a loss of acetylcholine is associated with Alzheimer’s disease, it is not the primary issue in Parkinson’s disease.
D. Excess production of dopamine in the basal ganglia leads to tremors and muscle rigidity. In Parkinson’s disease, there is a decrease, not an excess, in dopamine production, which contributes to motor symptoms.