The nurse is asked to describe what the heart sound S2 represents. What would be the correct response by the nurse?
Closure of the pulmonic and mitral valves
Closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves
Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves
Closure of the aortic and mitral valves
Closure of the pulmonic and tricuspid valves
The Correct Answer is C
A. The closure of the pulmonic and mitral valves corresponds to heart sound S1, not S2.
B. The tricuspid and mitral valves close with S1.
C. Heart sound S2 represents the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves, signaling the end of systole and the beginning of diastole.
D. The mitral valve closes with S1, not S2.
E. The pulmonic and tricuspid valves do not correspond with S2.
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Correct Answer is E
Explanation
A. Music can be a soothing nonpharmacologic method to reduce pain and may help with relaxation, even for confused patients, as it typically doesn’t require cognitive engagement.
B. Aromatherapy is generally safe and may offer calming effects for older adults without relying heavily on cognitive processing.
C. Heat application is a physical pain relief method, and as long as safety precautions are taken, it can be used effectively in confused patients.
D. Distraction can be a beneficial technique for pain relief and is often effective without requiring cognitive engagement.
E. Guided Imagery should be avoided in confused older adults, as it relies on the patient's ability to follow instructions and visualize mental images, which can be challenging and potentially frustrating for someone with cognitive impairment.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Decreasing dietary protein does not directly affect the spread of respiratory infections. Protein is important for maintaining immune function.
B. Obtaining flu vaccines is an effective way to reduce the spread of respiratory infections, especially among older adults who are at higher risk.
C. Overhydration is not related to infection control and is not necessary in this context.
D. While handkerchiefs may help with containing respiratory droplets, disposable tissues are generally more hygienic.
E. Limiting daily activity is unnecessary for preventing respiratory infections and could negatively impact overall health.