The enzyme(s) called ____________ break(s) down the substrate called_________________.
lactose; lactase
lipases; micelles
peptidases; proteins
lactase; glucose
The Correct Answer is C
A. Lactose; lactase: Lactase is the enzyme that breaks down lactose, not the other way around.
B. Lipases; micelles: Lipases break down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol, not micelles. Micelles are formed as part of the digestion process but are not the substrate for lipases.
C. Peptidases; proteins: Peptidases (or proteases) break down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids. This is the correct answer.
D. Lactase; glucose: Lactase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose, not just glucose.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Glomerulus is involved in filtering blood but not in producing hypertonic urine.
B. Collecting duct reabsorbs water and concentrates urine, making it hypertonic.
C. Nephron loop (loop of Henle) creates a concentration gradient in the medulla that helps in water reabsorption but is not the primary site for final urine concentration. This option is partially correct but less specific than the collecting duct.
D. Proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs a significant portion of water and solutes but does not produce hypertonic urine.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Destroy ingested pathogens: HCl in the stomach helps destroy ingested pathogens, providing a first line of defense against infections. Therefore, this is a correct function of HCl.
B. Convert Fe3+ to Fe2+: HCl aids in the conversion of iron from its ferric (Fe3+) to ferrous (Fe2+) form, which is more easily absorbed in the intestine. Therefore, this is a correct function of HCl.
C. Emulsify lipids: Emulsification of lipids is the function of bile, not hydrochloric acid. HCl does not emulsify lipids. This is the correct answer.
D. Activate pepsinogen to pepsin: HCl activates pepsinogen, converting it to the active enzyme pepsin, which is essential for protein digestion in the stomach. Therefore, this is a correct function of HCl.