The antitubercular drug isoniazid is prescribed for a client with active tuberculosis. To evaluate the effectiveness of this medication, which outcome can the nurse expect this client to exhibit?
Decreased cough and sputum.
A positive sputum smear and culture.
Decreased appetite and weight loss.
Vertigo and tinnitus.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A rationale
Isoniazid is an antitubercular drug used to treat active tuberculosis. The effectiveness of this medication is evaluated by observing a decrease in symptoms such as cough and sputum production. This indicates that the infection is being controlled and the bacteria are being eradicated.
Choice B rationale
A positive sputum smear and culture would indicate the presence of active tuberculosis bacteria, suggesting that the treatment is not effective. Therefore, this is not an expected outcome of effective treatment.
Choice C rationale
Decreased appetite and weight loss are not indicators of the effectiveness of tuberculosis treatment. In fact, these symptoms could indicate a worsening of the condition or side effects of the medication.
Choice D rationale
Vertigo and tinnitus are not related to the effectiveness of tuberculosis treatment. These symptoms could be side effects of the medication but do not indicate the success of the treatment.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Lactulose is a synthetic sugar used to treat hepatic encephalopathy by reducing the absorption of ammonia in the intestines. Ammonia is a neurotoxin that can impair mental status in patients with liver dysfunction. By decreasing ammonia levels, lactulose helps improve cognitive function and mental status in patients with hepatic encephalopathy.
Choice B rationale
While lactulose can cause diarrhea as a side effect, the therapeutic goal in hepatic encephalopathy is not to reduce the number of liquid stools but to lower ammonia levels in the blood. The reduction in ammonia levels leads to improved mental status, not necessarily a reduction in liquid stools.
Choice C rationale
The ability to ambulate independently is not a direct therapeutic response to lactulose. The primary goal of lactulose therapy in hepatic encephalopathy is to improve mental status by reducing ammonia levels, not to enhance physical mobility.
Choice D rationale
Lactulose does not have a direct effect on urine output. Its primary mechanism of action is to reduce ammonia absorption in the intestines, thereby improving mental status in patients with hepatic encephalopathy.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Acute pancreatitis is a potential complication after cholecystectomy. The persistent upper abdominal pain radiating to the back is a classic symptom of acute pancreatitis. This condition can occur due to the migration of gallstones or other factors affecting the pancreas.
Choice B rationale
Biliary duct obstruction can cause upper abdominal pain, but it is less likely to present with pain radiating to the back. This condition typically presents with jaundice and other symptoms.
Choice C rationale
Surgical site infection can cause abdominal pain, but it is usually localized to the surgical site and does not typically radiate to the back. Other signs of infection, such as fever and redness, would also be present.
Choice D rationale
Hepatorenal failure is a severe condition that can occur in patients with liver disease, but it is not commonly associated with pain radiating to the back. It typically presents with symptoms of liver and kidney dysfunction.