Which condition is most likely related to diabetic-induced complications?
Autonomic neuropathy.
Diabetic-induced leukocyte depletion.
Diabetic-induced angiopathy.
Overdrive of the RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system).
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A rationale
Autonomic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes and can affect various autonomic functions, including heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. It is caused by damage to the autonomic nerves due to prolonged high blood sugar levels.
Choice B rationale
Diabetic-induced leukocyte depletion is not a recognized complication of diabetes. Diabetes primarily affects blood vessels and nerves rather than causing leukocyte depletion.
Choice C rationale
Diabetic-induced angiopathy refers to damage to blood vessels caused by diabetes. While it is a recognized complication, autonomic neuropathy is more directly related to diabetic-induced complications.
Choice D rationale
Overdrive of the RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) is not a specific complication of diabetes. While diabetes can affect the RAAS, it is not the most likely condition related to diabetic-induced complications.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The left extrapyramidal tract is involved in motor control, but lesions here would not cause right homonymous hemianopia or inability to move the right arm. These symptoms are more indicative of a lesion in the cerebral hemisphere.
Choice B rationale
A lesion in the right cerebral hemisphere would cause left-sided symptoms, not right-sided. The patient’s symptoms are indicative of a lesion in the left cerebral hemisphere.
Choice C rationale
The cerebellum is involved in coordination and balance, not in causing right homonymous hemianopia or inability to move the right arm. These symptoms are more indicative of a lesion in the cerebral hemisphere.
Choice D rationale
A lesion in the left cerebral hemisphere can cause right homonymous hemianopia and inability to move the right arm. This is because the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and processes visual information from the right visual field.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Nausea and vomiting can be caused by various conditions, including gastrointestinal issues and brain injuries, but they are not specifically indicative of a diffuse brain stem injury.
Choice B rationale
Nuchal rigidity, or neck stiffness, is a classic sign of meningeal irritation, often due to meningeal edema in conditions like meningitis.
Choice C rationale
Bilateral fixed and dilated pupils are more commonly associated with severe brain injury or increased intracranial pressure, not specifically a cerebellar brain attack.
Choice D rationale
Brudzinski’s sign is a physical exam finding indicative of meningeal irritation, commonly seen in bacterial meningitis, not specifically viral meningitis.