In which stage of the HIV lifecycle does the enzyme integrase play a crucial role, and what is its function in that stage?
Assembly. Integrase packages the viral RNA into new virions.
Integration: Integrase inserts viral DNA into the host's genome.
Entry: Integrase helps the virus fuse with the host cell membrane.
Reverse Transcription: Integrase copies viral RNA into DNA.
The Correct Answer is B
A. In the assembly stage, other proteins and enzymes are involved in the packaging of viral components into new virions, not integrase.
B. During the integration stage, integrase is essential as it inserts the newly formed viral DNA into the host's genome, enabling the virus to utilize the host's cellular machinery for replication.
C. Integrase does not participate in the entry stage; this stage is facilitated by other proteins that aid in the fusion of the virus with the host cell membrane.
D. Integrase is not involved in reverse transcription; that process is facilitated by the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which converts viral RNA into DNA.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Flushing of the skin is not typical in hypovolemic shock; rather, the skin is usually cool and clammy due to vasoconstriction.
B. Oliguria, or decreased urine output, is expected in hypovolemic shock as the kidneys receive less blood flow, leading to reduced urine production.
C. Bradypnea is not a common finding in hypovolemic shock; instead, tachypnea (increased respiratory rate) is typically observed due to compensatory mechanisms for hypoxia and acidosis.
D. Hypertension is not expected in hypovolemic shock; instead, the client typically presents with hypotension due to decreased blood volume and pressure.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Stridor is a high-pitched sound indicating upper airway obstruction and is a critical sign of anaphylaxis requiring immediate intervention to secure the airway.
B. Hypotension is a serious condition that occurs during anaphylaxis, but the priority is to address the airway obstruction first.
C. Urticaria (hives) is a common symptom of an allergic reaction but is not life-threatening and can be addressed after more severe symptoms.
D. Vomiting may occur during anaphylaxis but is not the most urgent finding when airway compromise is present.