In which stage of the HIV lifecycle does the enzyme integrase play a crucial role, and what is its function in that stage?
Assembly. Integrase packages the viral RNA into new virions.
Integration: Integrase inserts viral DNA into the host's genome.
Entry: Integrase helps the virus fuse with the host cell membrane.
Reverse Transcription: Integrase copies viral RNA into DNA.
The Correct Answer is B
A. In the assembly stage, other proteins and enzymes are involved in the packaging of viral components into new virions, not integrase.
B. During the integration stage, integrase is essential as it inserts the newly formed viral DNA into the host's genome, enabling the virus to utilize the host's cellular machinery for replication.
C. Integrase does not participate in the entry stage; this stage is facilitated by other proteins that aid in the fusion of the virus with the host cell membrane.
D. Integrase is not involved in reverse transcription; that process is facilitated by the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which converts viral RNA into DNA.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Fluid overload is not an allergic reaction but rather a complication of transfusion related to the volume of fluid administered, thus diphenhydramine would not be appropriate.
B. Urticaria, or hives, is a common mild allergic reaction that can occur during blood transfusions. Administering diphenhydramine can help prevent or treat this response.
C. Hemolysis is a serious reaction involving the destruction of red blood cells, often due to blood type incompatibility; it is not alleviated by antihistamines.
D. Fever can occur during transfusions but is typically due to non-specific immune reactions and does not respond to diphenhydramine.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Respiratory alkalosis is characterized by a high pH and low PaCO2, which is not evident in this scenario where the pH is low and PaCO2 is elevated.
B. The low pH of 7.3 indicates acidemia, and the elevated PaCO2 of 50 mm Hg suggests respiratory acidosis, where the body is retaining carbon dioxide, leading to an increase in acidity.
C. Metabolic acidosis would present with a low pH and a normal or decreased PaCO2, which is not the case here since the PaCO2 is elevated.
D. Metabolic alkalosis would show a high pH and elevated HCO3 levels, which is not consistent with the given ABG results.