In the nephron, the fluid that immediately precedes urine is known as:
renal filtrate
tubular fluid
plasma
glomerular filtrate
The Correct Answer is B
A. Renal filtrate refers to the fluid filtered from the blood in the glomerulus, which is the initial stage of urine formation. It does not immediately precede urine.
B. Tubular fluid is the filtrate as it passes through the nephron tubules, undergoing various processes like reabsorption and secretion. This fluid eventually becomes urine, after the final adjustments in the collecting duct.
C. Plasma is the liquid component of blood that is filtered by the glomerulus, but it is not the direct precursor to urine.
D. Glomerular filtrate is the fluid filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus and is the precursor to tubular fluid, not directly to urine.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Chief cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); parietal cells: Pepsinogen is produced by chief cells, and it is activated into pepsin by hydrochloric acid (HCl) secreted by parietal cells.
B. Chief cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); parietal cells: Chief cells produce pepsinogen, but it is not activated by carbonic anhydrase. Instead, it is activated by HCl.
C. Parietal cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); chief cells: Pepsinogen is produced by chief cells, not parietal cells, and its activation involves HCl, not carbonic anhydrase.
D. Parietal cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); chief cells: Pepsinogen is produced by chief cells, not parietal cells, and is activated by HCl.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Increased urine acidity: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) primarily affects water reabsorption in the kidneys, not urine acidity. It does not have a direct effect on the acidity of the urine.
B. Increased urine volume: ADH works to conserve water by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys, which decreases urine volume.
C. Increased urine salinity: While ADH does increase water reabsorption, which could concentrate the urine, its direct action is on water retention, not specifically on increasing urine salinity.
D. Decreased urine volume: ADH promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to decreased urine output. This is the direct and correct result of ADH action.