In fetal circulation, blood bypasses the lungs by flowing through the
ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
fossa ovalis and umbilical arteries and vein
ligamentum venosum and ligamentum arteriosum
The Correct Answer is B
A. Ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus: The ductus venosus bypasses the liver, not the lungs. The ductus arteriosus does allow blood to bypass the lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta. However, this option is not entirely correct since the ductus venosus is not involved in bypassing the lungs.
B. Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus: The foramen ovale allows blood to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs. The ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, also bypassing the lungs.
C. Fossa ovalis and umbilical arteries and vein: The fossa ovalis is a remnant of the foramen ovale in adults and does not function in fetal circulation. The umbilical arteries and vein are involved in exchanging oxygenated and deoxygenated blood between the fetus and placenta, not bypassing the lungs.
D. Ligamentum venosum and ligamentum arteriosum: These are the adult remnants of the ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus, respectively. They do not play a role in fetal circulat
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Their filtration rate: Both types of nephrons have similar filtration rates; the difference lies primarily in their structure and location.
B. Their location within the renal cortex: Cortical nephrons are located primarily in the renal cortex, while juxtamedullary nephrons are located closer to the medulla and have long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla.
C. The size of their renal corpuscle: The renal corpuscle size does not differ significantly between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
D. Whether they drain into a collecting duct or directly into the renal pelvis: All nephrons drain into a collecting duct; none drain directly into the renal pelvis.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. During pubarche: Pubarche refers to the onset of puberty, but oogenesis (the formation of oocytes) begins much earlier, during embryonic development.
B. During embryonic development: Oogenesis begins during embryonic development when the female fetus's ovaries form and start producing primary oocytes. These oocytes remain in a suspended state until puberty.
C. During thelarche: Thelarche is the onset of breast development during puberty, but oogenesis starts long before this, during embryonic development.
D. At birth: While primary oocytes are present at birth, the process of oogenesis actually begins during embryonic development, not at birth.