In fetal circulation, blood bypasses the lungs by flowing through the
ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
fossa ovalis and umbilical arteries and vein
ligamentum venosum and ligamentum arteriosum
The Correct Answer is B
A. Ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus: The ductus venosus bypasses the liver, not the lungs. The ductus arteriosus does allow blood to bypass the lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta. However, this option is not entirely correct since the ductus venosus is not involved in bypassing the lungs.
B. Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus: The foramen ovale allows blood to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs. The ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, also bypassing the lungs.
C. Fossa ovalis and umbilical arteries and vein: The fossa ovalis is a remnant of the foramen ovale in adults and does not function in fetal circulation. The umbilical arteries and vein are involved in exchanging oxygenated and deoxygenated blood between the fetus and placenta, not bypassing the lungs.
D. Ligamentum venosum and ligamentum arteriosum: These are the adult remnants of the ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus, respectively. They do not play a role in fetal circulat
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus that supports the embryo after implantation, but it does not provide direct fetal nutrition or secrete hormones for fetal development.
B. The placenta is the organ that provides fetal nutrition, gas exchange, and waste removal. It also secretes hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone, and estrogen, which are essential for maintaining pregnancy and supporting fetal development.
C. The blastocyst is the early stage of the embryo that implants into the endometrium, but it does not provide fetal nutrition or secrete pregnancy-regulating hormones.
D. The myometrium is the muscular layer of the uterus responsible for contractions during labor, but it does not provide fetal nutrition or secrete hormones.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Small intestine, particularly the ileum, contains Peyer's patches, which are abundant lymphoid tissues in the mucosa and submucosa. These structures are part of the immune system, protecting the body from pathogens in the digestive tract.
B. Stomach: While the stomach has some lymphoid tissue, it does not have as much as the small intestine, specifically the Peyer's patches.
C. Large intestine has lymphoid nodules, but it does not contain as much lymphoid tissue as the small intestine.
D. Esophagus has very little lymphoid tissue compared to the small intestine, as its primary function is to transport food rather than participate in immune defense.