In fetal circulation, blood bypasses the lungs by flowing through the
ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
fossa ovalis and umbilical arteries and vein
ligamentum venosum and ligamentum arteriosum
The Correct Answer is B
A. Ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus: The ductus venosus bypasses the liver, not the lungs. The ductus arteriosus does allow blood to bypass the lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta. However, this option is not entirely correct since the ductus venosus is not involved in bypassing the lungs.
B. Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus: The foramen ovale allows blood to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs. The ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, also bypassing the lungs.
C. Fossa ovalis and umbilical arteries and vein: The fossa ovalis is a remnant of the foramen ovale in adults and does not function in fetal circulation. The umbilical arteries and vein are involved in exchanging oxygenated and deoxygenated blood between the fetus and placenta, not bypassing the lungs.
D. Ligamentum venosum and ligamentum arteriosum: These are the adult remnants of the ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus, respectively. They do not play a role in fetal circulat
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Wastes; nutrients and oxygen: Wastes pass from the fetal blood to the maternal blood, and nutrients and oxygen pass from the maternal blood to the fetal blood.
B. Oxygen and nutrients; wastes: Oxygen and nutrients pass from maternal blood to fetal blood, and wastes pass from fetal blood to maternal blood.
C. Wastes and nutrients; oxygen and carbon dioxide: Nutrients and oxygen pass from maternal to fetal blood, while wastes and carbon dioxide pass from fetal to maternal blood. This option is incorrect because it lists wastes and nutrients incorrectly.
D. Carbon dioxide; nutrients: Carbon dioxide and other wastes pass from fetal to maternal blood, while nutrients pass from maternal to fetal blood.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Wolffian refers to structures related to the male reproductive system during embryonic development, not to uterine contractions.
B. Masters Johnson: Masters and Johnson are known for their research in human sexual response, not for describing types of uterine contractions.
C. Graafian: Graafian refers to a mature ovarian follicle, which is unrelated to uterine contractions.
D. Braxton Hicks: Braxton Hicks contractions are irregular, non-labor contractions of the uterus often referred to as "false labor."