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In fetal circulation, blood bypasses the lungs by flowing through the

A. Ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus: The ductus venosus bypasses the liver, not the lungs. The ductus arteriosus does allow blood to bypass the lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta. However, this option is not entirely correct since the ductus venosus is not involved in bypassing the lungs.

B. Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus: The foramen ovale allows blood to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs. The ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, also bypassing the lungs.

C. Fossa ovalis and umbilical arteries and vein: The fossa ovalis is a remnant of the foramen ovale in adults and does not function in fetal circulation. The umbilical arteries and vein are involved in exchanging oxygenated and deoxygenated blood between the fetus and placenta, not bypassing the lungs.

D. Ligamentum venosum and ligamentum arteriosum: These are the adult remnants of the ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus, respectively. They do not play a role in fetal circulat

A. Lactateis produced during anaerobic metabolism (when oxygen is scarce) as a byproduct of glycolysis, but it is not the direct product of glycolysis itself.

B. Carbon dioxideis a byproduct of cellular respiration, specifically during the Krebs cycle, not glycolysis.

C. Pyruvateis the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.

D. Acetyl-CoAis formed from pyruvate during the transition step before the Krebs cycle, not directly from glycolysis.