In fetal circulation, blood bypasses the lungs by flowing through the
ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
fossa ovalis and umbilical arteries and vein
ligamentum venosum and ligamentum arteriosum
The Correct Answer is B
A. Ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus: The ductus venosus bypasses the liver, not the lungs. The ductus arteriosus does allow blood to bypass the lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta. However, this option is not entirely correct since the ductus venosus is not involved in bypassing the lungs.
B. Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus: The foramen ovale allows blood to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs. The ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, also bypassing the lungs.
C. Fossa ovalis and umbilical arteries and vein: The fossa ovalis is a remnant of the foramen ovale in adults and does not function in fetal circulation. The umbilical arteries and vein are involved in exchanging oxygenated and deoxygenated blood between the fetus and placenta, not bypassing the lungs.
D. Ligamentum venosum and ligamentum arteriosum: These are the adult remnants of the ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus, respectively. They do not play a role in fetal circulat
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Ca2+: prevents the entrance of any more sperm- While calcium ions play a role in the slow block to polyspermy, the fast block involves sodium ions.
B. Na+: prevents the entrance of more Na- The fast block to polyspermy involves sodium ions (Na+), but the depolarization of the egg membrane prevents the entrance of more sperm, not just more Na+.
C. Na+: prevents the entrance of Ca2+. The fast block prevents additional sperm from entering, not calcium ions.
D. Na+: prevents the entrance of any more sperm: The fast block to polyspermy involves the opening of sodium ion channels, leading to depolarization of the egg membrane. This depolarization prevents other sperm from binding to and penetrating the egg.
Correct Answer is E
Explanation
A. Urethra: The urethra is a part of the urinary system that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
B. Ureter: The ureters are tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. They are part of the urinary system.
C. Kidney: The kidneys are the primary organs of the urinary system responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.
D. Urinary bladder: The urinary bladder is an organ in the urinary system that stores urine before it is excreted.
E. Liver: The liver is not an organ of the urinary system. It plays a crucial role in metabolism, detoxification, and bile production, but it is part of the digestive system.