____________ happens in the cytoplasm, whereas _____________ happens in the mitochondrion.
Aerobic respiration; anaerobic fermentation
Glycolysis; the citric acid (Krebs) cycle
The citric acid (Krebs) cycle; mitochondrial electron-transport
Anaerobic fermentation; glycolysis
The Correct Answer is B
A. Aerobic respiration; anaerobic fermentation: Aerobic respiration primarily occurs in the mitochondrion, and anaerobic fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm. Therefore, this is incorrect.
B. Glycolysis; the citric acid (Krebs) cycle: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, breaking down glucose into pyruvate. The citric acid (Krebs) cycle takes place in the mitochondrion, where it further processes pyruvate for energy production.
C. The citric acid (Krebs) cycle; mitochondrial electron-transport: Both the citric acid cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain occur in the mitochondrion.
D. Anaerobic fermentation; glycolysis: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic pathways, but anaerobic fermentation also occurs in the cytoplasm, so this option is not accurate in distinguishing between processes happening in different locations.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Their filtration rate: Both types of nephrons have similar filtration rates; the difference lies primarily in their structure and location.
B. Their location within the renal cortex: Cortical nephrons are located primarily in the renal cortex, while juxtamedullary nephrons are located closer to the medulla and have long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla.
C. The size of their renal corpuscle: The renal corpuscle size does not differ significantly between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
D. Whether they drain into a collecting duct or directly into the renal pelvis: All nephrons drain into a collecting duct; none drain directly into the renal pelvis.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Tubuloglomerular feedback involves the macula densa sensing changes in sodium chloride concentration and adjusting the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) via the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
B. Renal autoregulation includes mechanisms like the myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback that maintain stable GFR despite blood pressure changes. This option is too broad and not specific to the mechanism described.
C. The myogenic mechanism refers to the smooth muscle's tendency to contract when stretched, helping to stabilize GFR by adjusting the diameter of the afferent arterioles. This is the correct answer.
D. Sympathetic control influences renal blood flow and GFR through hormonal and nervous system regulation, but it is not the specific mechanism described in the question.