____________ happens in the cytoplasm, whereas _____________ happens in the mitochondrion.
Aerobic respiration; anaerobic fermentation
Glycolysis; the citric acid (Krebs) cycle
The citric acid (Krebs) cycle; mitochondrial electron-transport
Anaerobic fermentation; glycolysis
The Correct Answer is B
A. Aerobic respiration; anaerobic fermentation: Aerobic respiration primarily occurs in the mitochondrion, and anaerobic fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm. Therefore, this is incorrect.
B. Glycolysis; the citric acid (Krebs) cycle: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, breaking down glucose into pyruvate. The citric acid (Krebs) cycle takes place in the mitochondrion, where it further processes pyruvate for energy production.
C. The citric acid (Krebs) cycle; mitochondrial electron-transport: Both the citric acid cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain occur in the mitochondrion.
D. Anaerobic fermentation; glycolysis: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic pathways, but anaerobic fermentation also occurs in the cytoplasm, so this option is not accurate in distinguishing between processes happening in different locations.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Posterior pituitary releases hormones such as ADH (antidiuretic hormone), but it does not have aldosterone receptors.
B. Proximal convoluted tubule is involved in reabsorption, but it does not have aldosterone receptors.
C. Distal convoluted tubule: Aldosterone receptors are found in the cells of the distal convoluted tubule. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in this part of the nephron, which helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance.
D. Adrenal medulla produces catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline) but does not contain aldosterone receptors.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Luteinizing hormone (LH); testosterone: Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the interstitial cells (Leydig cells) of the testes to produce and secrete testosterone.
B. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); androgen-binding protein (ABP): Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the Sertoli cells to produce androgen-binding protein (ABP), but it does not stimulate the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone.
C. Luteinizing hormone (LH); androgen-binding protein (ABP): Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the secretion of testosterone, not androgen-binding protein (ABP). ABP is stimulated by FSH.
D. Luteinizing hormone (LH); estrogen: Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the secretion of testosterone, not estrogen. Estrogen is primarily produced in females and also in males in smaller amounts.