Glycolysis and aerobic respiration collectively produce up to ___________ ATP per glucose, whereas anaerobic fermentation produces __________________.
32;36
32;2
2; about the same, varying from one tissue to another
32; none
36; about the same, varying from one tissue to another
The Correct Answer is B
A. 32; 36. Aerobic respiration, including glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, can produce up to 36 ATP per glucose. Anaerobic fermentation, however, only produces 2 ATP per glucose, not 36.
B. 32; 2. Aerobic respiration, including glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, typically produces up to 36 ATP per glucose, though 32 is a commonly cited figure depending on the specifics of the process. Anaerobic fermentation produces 2 ATP per glucose. The discrepancy in ATP production is due to differences in efficiency and accounting for the energy yield in different conditions.
C. 2; about the same, varying from one tissue to another. Anaerobic fermentation produces 2 ATP per glucose, but aerobic respiration (including glycolysis and subsequent steps) produces up to 36 ATP. The "about the same" part is not accurate for aerobic versus anaerobic processes.
D. 32; none. Anaerobic fermentation does produce ATP, specifically 2 ATP per glucose. Aerobic respiration produces up to 36 ATP per glucose.
E. 36; about the same, varying from one tissue to another. Aerobic respiration can produce up to 36 ATP per glucose, and anaerobic fermentation produces only 2 ATP per glucose. The ATP production difference is significant and not “about the same.”
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Correct Answer is E
Explanation
A. Urethra: The urethra is a part of the urinary system that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
B. Ureter: The ureters are tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. They are part of the urinary system.
C. Kidney: The kidneys are the primary organs of the urinary system responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.
D. Urinary bladder: The urinary bladder is an organ in the urinary system that stores urine before it is excreted.
E. Liver: The liver is not an organ of the urinary system. It plays a crucial role in metabolism, detoxification, and bile production, but it is part of the digestive system.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, aiding in lung expansion, but it does not directly stimulate breathing.
B. CO2 accumulating in the infant's blood: The accumulation of CO2 in the infant's blood is a significant stimulus for the first breath after birth. High levels of CO2 trigger the infant's respiratory centers to start breathing.
C. Prostaglandins are involved in labor and delivery but do not directly stimulate breathing in the newborn.
D. An increased O2 level in the infant's new environment: Increased O2 levels do not directly stimulate breathing; rather, the accumulation of CO2 is the primary stimulus.