Cortical nephrons can be distinguished from juxtamedullary nephrons by ____________.
their filtration rate
their location within the renal cortex
the size of their renal corpuscle
whether they drain into a collecting duct or directly into the renal pelvis
The Correct Answer is B
A. Their filtration rate: Both types of nephrons have similar filtration rates; the difference lies primarily in their structure and location.
B. Their location within the renal cortex: Cortical nephrons are located primarily in the renal cortex, while juxtamedullary nephrons are located closer to the medulla and have long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla.
C. The size of their renal corpuscle: The renal corpuscle size does not differ significantly between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
D. Whether they drain into a collecting duct or directly into the renal pelvis: All nephrons drain into a collecting duct; none drain directly into the renal pelvis.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Posterior pituitary releases hormones such as ADH (antidiuretic hormone), but it does not have aldosterone receptors.
B. Proximal convoluted tubule is involved in reabsorption, but it does not have aldosterone receptors.
C. Distal convoluted tubule: Aldosterone receptors are found in the cells of the distal convoluted tubule. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in this part of the nephron, which helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance.
D. Adrenal medulla produces catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline) but does not contain aldosterone receptors.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Extracellular fluid (ECF) includes all the fluid outside of cells, such as interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and lymph. However, the majority of body water is found inside the cells.
B. Blood plasma and lymph are components of the extracellular fluid. Although they contain water, they do not hold the greatest volume compared to intracellular fluid.
C. Intracellular fluid (ICF) refers to the fluid within the cells, and it constitutes the largest volume of water in the body.
D. Tissue (interstitial) fluid is part of the extracellular fluid found between cells. While it contains a significant amount of water, it does not account for the greatest volume in the body.