A patient with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) reports leg pain while walking which resolves with rest. The nurse recognizes this symptom as:
Deep vein thrombosis
Restless leg syndrome
Intermittent claudication
Varicose veins
The Correct Answer is C
A. Deep vein thrombosis. Deep vein thrombosis typically causes constant pain, swelling, and redness and does not improve with rest.
B. Restless leg syndrome. Restless leg syndrome is characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs, usually at rest, and is not associated with walking.
C. Intermittent claudication. Intermittent claudication is a common symptom of PAD where muscle pain or cramping occurs during activity and is relieved with rest due to insufficient blood flow.
D. Varicose veins. Varicose veins generally cause aching and swelling rather than pain triggered specifically by walking.
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Correct Answer is ["B","C","D","E"]
Explanation
A. Family history. Family history is a non-modifiable risk factor for heart disease, as it is genetic and cannot be changed.
B. Smoking. Smoking is a modifiable risk factor. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease.
C. Sedentary Lifestyle. Physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor. Increasing activity levels can help lower the risk of heart disease.
D. Diabetes. While diabetes itself may be a chronic condition, managing blood sugar through diet, medication, and lifestyle changes can reduce heart disease risk.
E. Hypertension. Hypertension is a modifiable risk factor. Controlling blood pressure through medication, diet, and exercise can reduce heart disease risk.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs): IGRAs are useful for detecting TB infection but do not confirm active TB disease. They measure the immune response to TB bacteria but don’t differentiate between latent and active infection.
B. Sputum culture: Sputum culture is the gold standard for confirming active TB because it identifies Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria directly, confirming active infection.
C. Tuberculin Skin Test (TST): The TST can indicate TB infection but cannot distinguish between latent and active TB, making it unsuitable as a confirmatory test for active disease.
D. Chest X-ray: A chest X-ray can show signs suggestive of TB but cannot confirm the presence of TB bacteria, so it is not definitive for diagnosing active TB.