A patient with diverticulitis is being treated with oral antibiotics and clear liquids for 2 to 3 days. The nurse recognizes that this treatment is appropriate for which of the following conditions
Irritable bowel syndrome
Chronic diverticulosis
Complicated diverticulitis with abscess
Uncomplicated diverticulitis
The Correct Answer is D
A. Irritable bowel syndrome. IBS management typically involves dietary changes, fiber, and stress management, not antibiotics or clear liquids.
B. Chronic diverticulosis. Diverticulosis, when asymptomatic, does not require antibiotics. Treatment focuses on a high-fiber diet to prevent diverticulitis.
C. Complicated diverticulitis with abscess. Complicated diverticulitis may require IV antibiotics, hospitalization, or even surgical intervention if there are abscesses.
D. Uncomplicated diverticulitis. Uncomplicated diverticulitis, without abscess or perforation, is treated with oral antibiotics and a clear liquid diet for bowel rest.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. The glomerular filtration rate decreases because there is a reduction of blood flow to the kidneys. Reduced blood flow to the kidneys, or renal hypoperfusion, decreases the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) because less blood is being filtered through the kidneys. This can occur in conditions such as shock, severe dehydration, or heart failure, but it is not the primary mechanism in acute tubular necrosis (ATN).
B. The glomerular filtration rate decreases because there is injury to the renal tubular cells. In ATN, the injury to renal tubular cells impairs their function, leading to reduced reabsorption and filtration ability, which contributes to the decrease in GFR.
C. The glomerular filtration rate decreases because inflammatory cells invade the already damaged kidneys. While inflammation may be present, it is not the primary cause of decreased GFR in acute tubular necrosis; reduced blood flow and tubular cell injury are more direct causes.
D. The glomerular filtration rate decreases because there is obstruction leading to the filtration system backing up and eventually shutting the kidneys down. Obstruction is not typically a characteristic of acute tubular necrosis; ATN is usually caused by ischemic or toxic injury, not physical obstruction.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Otosclerosis. Otosclerosis is a common cause of conductive hearing loss, typically due to abnormal bone growth around the stapes in the middle ear.
B. Acoustic neuroma. Acoustic neuroma is associated with sensorineural hearing loss, not conductive hearing loss.
C. Meniere's disease. Meniere's disease usually causes sensorineural hearing loss, often accompanied by vertigo and tinnitus.
D. Presbycusis. Presbycusis is age-related sensorineural hearing loss and does not result in conductive hearing loss.