. A patient with active gastrointestinal bleeding is being monitored for complications. Which of the following signs indicates the patient is developing hypovolemic shock?
Elevated blood pressure
warm, flushed skin
Increased urine output
Increased heart rate
The Correct Answer is D
A. Elevated blood pressure. Blood pressure typically drops in hypovolemic shock as blood volume decreases.
B. Warm, flushed skin. As hypovolemic shock progresses, skin becomes cool and clammy due to decreased blood flow and compensatory vasoconstriction.
C. Increased urine output. Hypovolemic shock leads to decreased urine output due to reduced renal perfusion.
D. Increased heart rate. An increased heart rate is an early compensatory response in hypovolemic shock as the body attempts to maintain cardiac output.
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Correct Answer is ["B","C","D","E"]
Explanation
A. Family history. Family history is a non-modifiable risk factor for heart disease, as it is genetic and cannot be changed.
B. Smoking. Smoking is a modifiable risk factor. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease.
C. Sedentary Lifestyle. Physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor. Increasing activity levels can help lower the risk of heart disease.
D. Diabetes. While diabetes itself may be a chronic condition, managing blood sugar through diet, medication, and lifestyle changes can reduce heart disease risk.
E. Hypertension. Hypertension is a modifiable risk factor. Controlling blood pressure through medication, diet, and exercise can reduce heart disease risk.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs): IGRAs are useful for detecting TB infection but do not confirm active TB disease. They measure the immune response to TB bacteria but don’t differentiate between latent and active infection.
B. Sputum culture: Sputum culture is the gold standard for confirming active TB because it identifies Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria directly, confirming active infection.
C. Tuberculin Skin Test (TST): The TST can indicate TB infection but cannot distinguish between latent and active TB, making it unsuitable as a confirmatory test for active disease.
D. Chest X-ray: A chest X-ray can show signs suggestive of TB but cannot confirm the presence of TB bacteria, so it is not definitive for diagnosing active TB.