. A patient with active gastrointestinal bleeding is being monitored for complications. Which of the following signs indicates the patient is developing hypovolemic shock?
Elevated blood pressure
warm, flushed skin
Increased urine output
Increased heart rate
The Correct Answer is D
A. Elevated blood pressure. Blood pressure typically drops in hypovolemic shock as blood volume decreases.
B. Warm, flushed skin. As hypovolemic shock progresses, skin becomes cool and clammy due to decreased blood flow and compensatory vasoconstriction.
C. Increased urine output. Hypovolemic shock leads to decreased urine output due to reduced renal perfusion.
D. Increased heart rate. An increased heart rate is an early compensatory response in hypovolemic shock as the body attempts to maintain cardiac output.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Pain in the neck when the patient flexes their head towards the chest. This describes nuchal rigidity, not Kernig sign.
B. Involuntary flexion of the hips and knees when the neck is flexed. This describes Brudzinski sign, not Kernig sign.
C. Photophobia and headache triggered by bright light. These are symptoms of meningitis, but they are not specific to Kernig sign.
D. Pain and resistance when attempting to extend the patient's leg from a flexed position. A positive Kernig sign is when there is pain and resistance to leg extension from a flexed hip and knee position, indicating meningeal irritation.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Reduction of inflammation and suppression of immune responses. Methylprednisolone is a corticosteroid that reduces inflammation and suppresses immune responses, which can help manage the acute exacerbations of MS.
B. Stimulation of nerve regeneration. Methylprednisolone does not stimulate nerve regeneration; it focuses on reducing inflammation.
C. Improvement in cognitive function. Cognitive improvement is not a primary goal of methylprednisolone in MS management, though reducing inflammation may indirectly benefit cognition.
D. Increase in muscle strength and coordination. While reducing inflammation can improve symptoms, methylprednisolone itself does not directly increase muscle strength or coordination.