A patient has been diagnosed with heart failure and cardiac output is decreased. Which formula can the nurse use to calculate cardiac output?
Ventricular filling time/diastolic filling time
Stroke volume x heart rate
Myocardial contractility x myocardial blood flow
Preload/afterload
The Correct Answer is B
A. Ventricular filling time and diastolic filling time are not formulas used to calculate cardiac output; they pertain to the phases of the cardiac cycle.
B. Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying stroke volume (the amount of blood ejected by the heart with each beat) by heart rate (the number of beats per minute). This formula accurately reflects the overall volume of blood the heart pumps in one minute.
C. Myocardial contractility and myocardial blood flow are important factors in cardiac function but do not directly provide a formula for calculating cardiac output.
D. Preload and afterload are factors that affect stroke volume but are not used to calculate cardiac output directly.
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B. Pain-management techniques would not apply directly to this context, as the discussion centers on emotional support rather than physical pain.
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D. The nurse's action of discussing the child's life and death helps the parents express their grief and memories, thereby facilitating normal mourning, making this the most appropriate principle demonstrated.
Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D","F"]
Explanation
A. Applying knowledge of disease processes is essential in preventing the spread of infections and understanding transmission routes.
B. Proper disposal of supplies is crucial in minimizing the risk of cross-contamination and infection spread.
C. Checking the negative-pressure system is critical to ensure it functions properly to contain airborne pathogens.
D. Hand hygiene is a key practice in preventing infection and should be performed before and after patient contact in both scenarios.
E. This statement is misleading; while some precautions may overlap, there are specific differences that must be addressed in interventions for airborne versus contact precautions.
F. It is important for patients in airborne precautions to wear a mask during transportation to prevent the spread of infectious particles.