A nurse opens a unit-dose of a prescribed medication prior to administering it to a client.
The client refuses to take the medication. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?
Return the opened medication to the medication cart.
Report the incident to the provider.
Fill out an incident report.
Notify the facility's ethics committee.
Notify the facility's ethics committee.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A rationale
Returning the opened medication to the medication cart is inappropriate because once a medication is opened and refused by a client, it must be disposed of properly. This action helps maintain safety and prevents contamination.
Choice B rationale
Reporting the incident to the provider is not necessary in this context as the refusal to take medication can be managed by the nurse by following the facility's protocol.
Choice C rationale
Filling out an incident report is required because the client's refusal to take the medication is considered a significant event. Incident reports are used to document and analyze such events to improve patient care and safety.
Choice D rationale
Notifying the facility's ethics committee is unnecessary for a medication refusal incident, as it does not involve an ethical dilemma requiring their intervention.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Toxic levels refer to concentrations of a medication that are high enough to cause harmful effects or poisoning. This is not related to the lowest serum concentration.
Choice B rationale
Peak levels are the highest concentration of a medication in the bloodstream after administration. This occurs after the drug is absorbed and distributed.
Choice C rationale
Trough levels occur when the medication is at its lowest concentration in the bloodstream, typically just before the next dose is due. Monitoring trough levels helps ensure therapeutic effectiveness while avoiding toxicity.
Choice D rationale
Half-life refers to the time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the bloodstream to decrease by half. It is not directly related to the lowest serum concentration at a specific point in time.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Fresh vegetables do not typically cause bladder irritation. In fact, they are often recommended for a healthy diet and can help with overall bodily functions.
Choice B rationale
Red meat is not commonly associated with bladder irritation. However, consuming it in excessive amounts may have other health implications.
Choice C rationale
Dairy products are not known to cause bladder irritation. They can be a part of a balanced diet unless there is an individual intolerance or allergy.
Choice D rationale
Caffeinated beverages, such as coffee, tea, and some sodas, can irritate the bladder and increase the frequency and urgency of urination. This is due to the diuretic effect of caffeine, which stimulates bladder activity.