A nurse is teaching a client who has chronic kidney disease about limiting foods that are high in potassium. Which of the following foods should the nurse instruct the client to avoid? (Select all that apply)
Raisins
Asparagus
Bananas
Tomatoes
Green Beans
Correct Answer : A,C,D
Choice A reason:
Raisins are dried grapes and are known to have a higher concentration of nutrients, including potassium. For individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), consuming foods like raisins that are high in potassium can lead to hyperkalemia, a condition where potassium levels in the blood are higher than normal. This can be dangerous as it may cause heart rhythm problems.
Choice B reason:
Asparagus is considered a lower-potassium food, making it a safer choice for people with CKD. It's important for individuals with CKD to manage their potassium intake, but asparagus can be included in their diet in appropriate portions.
Choice C reason:
Bananas are well-known for being rich in potassium. For someone with CKD, eating bananas can contribute to an excessive intake of potassium, which their kidneys may not be able to eliminate efficiently, potentially leading to hyperkalemia.
Choice D reason:
Tomatoes, including tomato products like sauces, juices, and purees, are high in potassium. Therefore, they should be limited or avoided in the diet of a person with CKD to prevent complications associated with high potassium levels.
Choice E reason:
Green beans are considered to be a lower-potassium vegetable. They can be included in a kidney-friendly diet, provided they are consumed in moderation and balanced with other dietary needs.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
A 10 mm wheal is not indicative of TB infection. A wheal is a raised, often itchy area of skin that usually signifies an allergic reaction, not an infection. The TST looks for induration, which is a firm swelling, as a sign of TB infection.
Choice B Reason:
A 5 mm induration is considered positive in certain high-risk groups, such as people living with HIV, recent contacts of TB patients, or those with a history of organ transplants. For individuals without these risk factors, a 5 mm induration is not considered a positive result.
Choice C Reason:
A 15 mm induration is considered a positive TST result for individuals with no known risk factors for TB. This indicates that the person's immune system has reacted to the tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) injected under the skin, suggesting exposure to TB bacteria.
Choice D Reason:
Erythema, or redness of the skin, is not measured when interpreting TST results. The test measures induration, which is a palpable, raised, hardened area or swelling. Therefore, a 4 mm erythema does not indicate TB infection.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason:
Bradycardia, which is a slower than normal heart rate, is not typically associated with diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus primarily affects the kidneys and fluid balance in the body, leading to frequent urination and thirst but not directly affecting heart rate.
Choice B reason:
Moist mucous membranes are not expected in diabetes insipidus. In fact, due to excessive urination, a person with diabetes insipidus is more likely to experience dry mucous membranes from dehydration unless they are adequately hydrating.
Choice C reason:
Urine specific gravity 1.002 is a key finding in diabetes insipidus. This condition is characterized by the excretion of large amounts of dilute urine with low specific gravity. Normal urine specific gravity ranges from 1.005 to 1.030. A value of 1.002 indicates very dilute urine, which is consistent with the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine in diabetes insipidus.
Choice D reason:
Bounding peripheral pulses are not a finding associated with diabetes insipidus. Bounding pulses may be associated with other conditions such as fever, anemia, or hyperthyroidism but not typically with diabetes insipidus.