A nurse is reviewing the BUN and creatinine levels of an older adult patient with chronic kidney disease. The nurse should anticipate which of the following findings?
BUN 8 mg/dL and creatinine 0.7 mg/dL
BUN 45 mg/dL and creatinine 8 mg/dL
BUN 23 mg/dL and creatinine 1.0 mg/dL
BUN 10 mg/dL and creatinine 0.3 mg/dL
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason:
A BUN level of 8 mg/dL and a creatinine level of 0.7 mg/dL are within normal ranges for a healthy individual without kidney disease. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), we would expect these values to be elevated due to the kidneys' reduced ability to filter waste products from the blood.
Choice B reason:
A BUN level of 45 mg/dL and a creatinine level of 8 mg/dL are significantly higher than the normal range, which is consistent with impaired kidney function seen in CKD. These elevated levels indicate that the kidneys are not effectively filtering urea and creatinine from the blood, leading to their accumulation.
Choice C reason:
A BUN level of 23 mg/dL and a creatinine level of 1.0 mg/dL could be seen in the early stages of CKD. While the creatinine level is within the normal range, the BUN level is slightly elevated, which may suggest a decline in kidney function.
Choice D reason:
A BUN level of 10 mg/dL and a creatinine level of 0.3 mg/dL are both below the normal range. This is an unlikely finding for a patient with CKD, as kidney impairment typically leads to increased levels of these substances in the blood.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason:
Activities that could result in bleeding should be minimized for a client with neutropenia due to the increased risk of infection from open wounds. However, this is not the primary restriction related to neutropenia itself but rather a general precaution for patients with low platelet counts or other clotting issues.
Choice B reason:
Restricting all visitors from entering the client's room is not necessary unless the visitors are sick or have been exposed to infectious diseases. Neutropenic patients are at increased risk for infection, so visitors should be screened for illness, but complete isolation is not required.
Choice C reason:
Modifying oral fluid intake to between meals only is not a standard restriction for neutropenic patients. Adequate hydration is essential, and there are no specific neutropenia-related reasons to restrict fluids to between meals.
Choice D reason:
Fresh flowers and potted plants should be avoided in the room of a neutropenic patient. They can harbor fungi and other microorganisms that could cause infection in an immunocompromised individual. Neutropenic precautions typically include avoiding standing water and plants that may contain harmful bacteria or fungi.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason:
A reddened area over the sacrum is a sign of potential pressure ulcer development, which is a common complication of immobility, especially in bedridden or wheelchair-bound individuals. The sacrum is a prominent bony area that bears weight when a person is sitting or lying down, making it susceptible to pressure ulcers if proper preventative measures, such as regular repositioning, are not taken.
Choice B reason:
Difficulty hearing some types of sounds is not typically a direct complication of immobility. Hearing issues may be related to other health conditions or age-related changes but are not caused by the lack of movement associated with post-stroke immobility.
Choice C reason:
Stiffness in the lower extremities can occur due to immobility, as muscles and joints may become tight when not used regularly. However, this is more of a long-term effect and may not be as immediately concerning as pressure ulcer prevention. Regular range-of-motion exercises can help prevent stiffness.
Choice D reason:
Difficulty moving the upper extremities may be a result of the stroke itself rather than a complication of immobility. While maintaining mobility in all limbs is important, the focus of monitoring should be on complications that arise specifically due to immobility, such as pressure ulcers.