A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a group of adolescent females who are pregnant about expected changes related to pregnancy.Which of the following client statements indicates understanding of the teaching?
“If I develop striae gravidarum, I need to call my provider immediately.”.
“My nipples and areola will become pale as my breasts enlarge.”.
“I should begin to recognize fetal movement by 10 weeks gestation.”.
“Some nausea and vomiting is normal, but I should call my provider if I am unable to keep food or water down.”.
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A rationale
Striae gravidarum, or stretch marks, are a common occurrence during pregnancy due to the rapid stretching of the skin. They are not a medical emergency and do not require immediate attention from a healthcare provider.
Choice B rationale
During pregnancy, the nipples and areola typically become darker, not paler, as the breasts enlarge. This change is due to hormonal influences and increased blood flow to the area.
Choice C rationale
Fetal movement, also known as quickening, is usually felt by the mother between 18 to 25 weeks of gestation, not as early as 10 weeks. At 10 weeks, the fetus is still too small for its movements to be felt by the mother.
Choice D rationale
Some nausea and vomiting, known as morning sickness, is normal during pregnancy. However, if a pregnant woman is unable to keep food or water down, it is important to contact a healthcare provider to ensure she and the baby are receiving adequate nutrition and hydration.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The mother’s size does not significantly impact the effects of teratogen exposure on fetal development. Teratogens are substances that cause congenital abnormalities in a developing fetus, and their impact is more related to the timing, duration, and type of exposure rather than the mother’s physical characteristics.
Choice B rationale
The timing and duration of exposure are critical factors in determining the effects of teratogen exposure. Teratogens can cause the most harm during specific periods of fetal development, particularly during the first trimester when organogenesis occurs. The duration of exposure also influences the severity of the effects, with prolonged exposure leading to more significant developmental issues.
Choice C rationale
The type of teratogen is also important, as different teratogens can cause different types of congenital abnormalities. For example, alcohol can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome, while certain medications can cause neural tube defects. However, the timing and duration of exposure are generally considered more critical factors.
Choice D rationale
The father’s health does not directly impact the effects of teratogen exposure on fetal development. Teratogens affect the fetus through the mother’s exposure to harmful substances during pregnancy.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The umbilical cord does not typically contain one artery and one vein. This configuration would not provide the necessary blood flow to support fetal development. The umbilical cord must have two arteries to carry deoxygenated blood and waste products from the fetus to the placenta, and one vein to carry oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus.
Choice B rationale
Two veins and one artery is also incorrect. The umbilical cord must have two arteries to ensure that deoxygenated blood and waste products are efficiently transported from the fetus to the placenta. Having only one artery would not suffice for the required blood flow.
Choice C rationale
Two arteries and one vein is the correct configuration of the umbilical cord. The two arteries carry deoxygenated blood and waste products from the fetus to the placenta, while the single vein carries oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus. This arrangement is essential for maintaining proper fetal circulation during pregnancy.
Choice D rationale
Two arteries and two veins is incorrect. The umbilical cord only needs one vein to carry oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus. Having two veins would be redundant and unnecessary for fetal development.