A nurse is providing care for four clients on a medical-surgical unit. Which of the following clients should the nurse identify as being at risk for the development of pressure ulcers? (Select all that apply.)
A client who has right-sided heart failure and 4+ edema to the lower extremities
A client who is ambulatory following a cardiac catheterization 4 hr ago
A client who has type 1 diabetes mellitus and is hyperglycemic
A client who has protein calorie malnutrition
A client who has postoperative delirium
Correct Answer : A,C,D,E
Rationale:
A. A client with right-sided heart failure and 4+ edema is at risk for pressure ulcers due to fluid accumulation, which can impair circulation and increase the likelihood of skin breakdown.
B. A client who is ambulatory is at a low risk for pressure ulcers because frequent movement reduces the risk of prolonged pressure on any one area.
C. A client with type 1 diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia is at risk for pressure ulcers because high blood glucose levels can impair wound healing and affect skin integrity.
D. A client with protein-calorie malnutrition is at a significant risk for pressure ulcers due to inadequate nutrition, which weakens the skin and impairs the body’s ability to repair tissue damage.
E. A client with postoperative delirium may have decreased mobility and cognitive awareness, making it harder for them to reposition themselves, thereby increasing their risk of pressure ulcers.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Rationale:
A. A Stage 1 pressure ulcer is characterized by intact skin with non-blanchable redness; it does not involve any tissue loss or visible subcutaneous tissue, which is present in this case.
B. A Stage 4 pressure ulcer involves full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, muscle, or tendon; while this wound has visible subcutaneous tissue, it does not exhibit the depth or extent associated with Stage 4.
C. A Stage 2 pressure ulcer is defined by partial-thickness skin loss involving the epidermis and possibly the dermis, presenting as a blister or abrasion. This wound shows more depth and visible subcutaneous tissue, which indicates it is deeper than a Stage 2.
D. A Stage 3 pressure ulcer involves full-thickness skin loss, with visible fat and possible slough. The presence of minimal slough and visible subcutaneous tissue in this wound aligns with the characteristics of a Stage 3 ulcer.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Emptying the pouch when it becomes 1/3 full is appropriate and helps prevent leakage and odor. This statement shows understanding of proper pouch management.
B. Enteric-coated medications can be problematic for clients with an ileostomy as they may not dissolve properly in the digestive system, potentially leading to decreased absorption. The client should be aware that these medications may not be suitable for their condition.
C. Changing the entire pouch system at least weekly is a common recommendation to maintain hygiene and skin integrity. This indicates the client understands the need for regular pouch maintenance.
D. Caution when eating high-fiber foods is important, as these foods can cause blockages in the ileostomy. This statement reflects the client’s awareness of dietary considerations for managing their ileostomy.