A nurse is presenting a community-based program about HIV and AIDS. A client asks the nurse to describe the initial symptoms experienced with HIV infection. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse include in the explanation of initial symptoms?
Flu-like symptoms and night sweats
Fungal and bacterial infections
Pneumocystis lung infection
Kaposi’s sarcoma
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A: Flu-like symptoms and night sweats
The initial symptoms of HIV infection often resemble those of the flu. These symptoms, known as acute retroviral syndrome (ARS) or primary HIV infection, typically occur within 2 to 4 weeks after the virus enters the body. Common symptoms include fever, chills, night sweats, muscle aches, sore throat, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and a rash. These symptoms are the body’s natural response to the virus and indicate that the immune system is reacting to the infection. Night sweats, in particular, are a common symptom during the early stages of HIV infection.
Choice B: Fungal and bacterial infections
Fungal and bacterial infections are more commonly associated with later stages of HIV infection, particularly when the immune system has been significantly weakened. As HIV progresses and the immune system deteriorates, individuals become more susceptible to opportunistic infections, which are infections that occur more frequently and are more severe in people with weakened immune systems. These infections are not typically seen in the initial stages of HIV infection.
Choice C: Pneumocystis lung infection
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a serious infection that occurs in people with weakened immune systems, including those with advanced HIV/AIDS. It is caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii. PCP is not an initial symptom of HIV infection but rather a complication that can arise when the immune system is severely compromised. This infection is more indicative of the later stages of HIV, particularly when the CD4 cell count drops significantly.
Choice D: Kaposi’s sarcoma
Kaposi’s sarcoma is a type of cancer that forms in the lining of blood and lymph vessels. It is caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and is commonly associated with advanced HIV infection or AIDS. Kaposi’s sarcoma presents as purple, red, or brown blotches or tumors on the skin and can also affect internal organs. This condition is not an initial symptom of HIV infection but rather a manifestation of severe immune system damage in the later stages of the disease.
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Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D"]
Explanation
Choice A: Add Cream to Soups
Adding cream to soups is an excellent way to increase both calorie and protein intake. Cream is rich in fat and calories, which can help in weight gain and provide the necessary energy for clients undergoing chemotherapy. Additionally, it enhances the flavor and texture of soups, making them more palatable for clients who may have a reduced appetite due to treatment.
Choice B: Dip Meats in Eggs and Bread Crumbs Before Cooking
Dipping meats in eggs and bread crumbs before cooking adds extra calories and protein. Eggs are a good source of high-quality protein, and bread crumbs add additional calories. This method also helps to create a more appealing texture and flavor, which can be beneficial for clients experiencing taste changes due to chemotherapy.
Choice C: Use Milk Instead of Water in Recipes
Using milk instead of water in recipes is another effective strategy to boost calorie and protein intake. Milk contains essential nutrients, including protein, calcium, and vitamins, which are important for maintaining strength and health during chemotherapy. This substitution can be applied to various recipes, such as oatmeal, mashed potatoes, and smoothies.
Choice D: Top Fruits with Yogurt
Topping fruits with yogurt not only increases calorie and protein intake but also adds beneficial probiotics. Yogurt is a good source of protein and calcium, and when combined with fruits, it provides a nutritious and appealing snack or dessert. This combination can help improve appetite and provide essential nutrients needed during chemotherapy.
Choice E: Increase Fluids During Meals
Increasing fluids during meals is not specifically aimed at increasing calorie and protein intake. While staying hydrated is important, excessive fluid intake during meals can sometimes lead to a feeling of fullness, which may reduce overall food intake. It is better to focus on nutrient-dense foods and beverages that provide both hydration and essential nutrients.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason:Handrails are present in the bathroom:
Handrails in the bathroom are actually a safety feature, not a risk. They provide support and stability, helping to prevent falls, especially for individuals with decreased vision or mobility issues.
Choice B reason: Electrical cords are placed along the walls:
Electrical cords placed along the walls can pose a tripping hazard, particularly for someone with decreased vision. However, if they are secured properly and not in walkways, the risk can be minimized.
Choice C reason:Uses a microwave for cooking:
Using a microwave for cooking is generally safe and convenient for older adults, especially those with decreased vision. It reduces the risk of burns and fires compared to using a stove.
Choice D reason: Scatter rugs are present in the kitchen:
Scatter rugs are a significant safety risk for older adults, particularly those with decreased vision. They can easily cause tripping and falls, which can lead to serious injuries. It is recommended to remove scatter rugs or ensure they are non-slip and securely fastened.
