A nurse is preparing a program on osteoporosis for a local women's group. Which of the findings does the nurse recognize as a modifiable risk factor?
Vitamin D deficiency
Small-boned, thin frame
Personal history of fractures
Age
The Correct Answer is A
A. Vitamin D deficiency is a modifiable risk factor because it can be addressed through dietary changes, supplements, and increased sun exposure.
B. A small-boned, thin frame is considered a nonmodifiable risk factor as it is a genetic characteristic that cannot be changed.
C. A personal history of fractures is also a nonmodifiable risk factor, as past fractures indicate an increased risk for future fractures and cannot be altered.
D. Age is a nonmodifiable risk factor, as it is an intrinsic characteristic that cannot be changed.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. The bell of the stethoscope is best used to listen for low-pitched sounds, including some types of murmurs, and can help assess the quality and intensity of a cardiac murmur.
B. While palpation can provide some information about the heart's function (such as thrills), it is not the primary method for assessing the quality of a murmur.
C. A Doppler ultrasound device is used for measuring blood flow and can help in assessing murmurs but does not provide the quality assessment needed for characterizing a murmur.
D. Percussion is not typically used to evaluate murmurs; it is more useful for assessing the size and borders of organs.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. This is a dark vertical line that can appear on the abdomen during pregnancy, typically extending from the pubic area to the navel, which is not what is depicted in the image of a Mongolian Spot.
B. A chronic skin condition that results in red, itchy, scaly patches; this does not match the appearance of a Mongolian Spot.
C. This is the correct answer as it refers to a blue-gray pigmentation commonly found on the backs and buttocks of infants, particularly in individuals of Asian or African descent.
D. These are small, white cysts that can appear on the skin, typically on the face, and are not consistent with the description of a Mongolian Spot.