A nurse is preparing a program on osteoporosis for a local women's group. Which of the findings does the nurse recognize as a modifiable risk factor?
Vitamin D deficiency
Small-boned, thin frame
Personal history of fractures
Age
The Correct Answer is A
A. Vitamin D deficiency is a modifiable risk factor because it can be addressed through dietary changes, supplements, and increased sun exposure.
B. A small-boned, thin frame is considered a nonmodifiable risk factor as it is a genetic characteristic that cannot be changed.
C. A personal history of fractures is also a nonmodifiable risk factor, as past fractures indicate an increased risk for future fractures and cannot be altered.
D. Age is a nonmodifiable risk factor, as it is an intrinsic characteristic that cannot be changed.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Cranial nerve VII (facial nerve) is not primarily responsible for hearing; however, it does have some sensory function in the ear region. The primary cranial nerve responsible for hearing is cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear), which is not listed among the options.
B. Cranial nerve X (vagus nerve) is primarily involved in autonomic functions and does not directly relate to hearing.
C. Cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve) is responsible for the sense of smell.
D. Cranial nerve II (optic nerve) is responsible for vision.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Urinary frequency is characterized by the need to urinate more often but does not necessarily cause cloudy urine, odor, or hematuria.
B. Urinary retention involves the inability to empty the bladder fully but does not specifically present with cloudy urine, odor, or blood.
C. Urinary incontinence refers to the involuntary loss of urine and does not directly correlate with the urine's appearance or presence of blood.
D. A urinary tract infection (UTI) commonly causes cloudy urine, foul odor, and hematuria due to inflammation and infection in the urinary tract.