A nurse is planning care for a client who requires screening for rectal cancer.
Which of the following tests should the nurse anticipate in the client's care?
Colonoscopy.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).
Upper GI series.
Upper GI endoscopy.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A rationale
Colonoscopy is the recommended test for screening for rectal cancer. It allows for direct visualization of the entire colon and rectum, enabling the detection and biopsy of polyps or
suspicious lesions. It is the gold standard for colorectal cancer screening.
Choice B rationale
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is used to diagnose and treat conditions of the bile ducts, pancreas, and gallbladder. It’s not typically used for colorectal
cancer screening.
Choice C rationale
An upper GI series involves X-rays of the upper gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum) after swallowing a contrast medium. This test does not visualize the
lower GI tract, including the colon and rectum, and is therefore not suitable for rectal cancer screening.
Choice D rationale
Upper GI endoscopy allows for direct visualization of the upper gastrointestinal tract but does not reach the colon and rectum. Hence, it is not used for screening rectal cancer
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Aging usually leads to a decrease in muscle tone of the bowel rather than an increase, which can result in slower bowel movements and constipation.
Choice B rationale
Gastric acid production tends to decrease with age, not increase. This can affect the digestion and absorption of nutrients, and also increase the risk of stomach infections.
Choice C rationale
The pH of the stomach tends to become less acidic (increase) as one ages, not decrease. This is often due to the reduced production of gastric acid.
Choice D rationale
Decreased intestinal peristalsis is a common physiological change in older adults. This slowing down of the intestinal movements can lead to constipation and other digestive issues.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Instilling ophthalmic medication directly on the cornea can cause irritation and discomfort. Medications should be administered in the conjunctival sac.
Choice B rationale
Asking the client to tightly squeeze their eyes shut after instillation can expel the medication, reducing its effectiveness. Gentle closing of the eyes is recommended.
Choice C rationale
Cleaning the eye from the outer canthus to the inner canthus is not the proper method. The correct method is to clean from the inner canthus to the outer canthus to avoid contaminating the inner eye.
Choice D rationale
Applying pressure to the nasolacrimal duct after instillation helps prevent the medication from draining into the nasolacrimal system, ensuring better absorption in the eye.