A nurse is planning care for a client who requires screening for rectal cancer.
Which of the following tests should the nurse anticipate in the client's care?
Colonoscopy.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).
Upper GI series.
Upper GI endoscopy.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A rationale
Colonoscopy is the recommended test for screening for rectal cancer. It allows for direct visualization of the entire colon and rectum, enabling the detection and biopsy of polyps or
suspicious lesions. It is the gold standard for colorectal cancer screening.
Choice B rationale
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is used to diagnose and treat conditions of the bile ducts, pancreas, and gallbladder. It’s not typically used for colorectal
cancer screening.
Choice C rationale
An upper GI series involves X-rays of the upper gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum) after swallowing a contrast medium. This test does not visualize the
lower GI tract, including the colon and rectum, and is therefore not suitable for rectal cancer screening.
Choice D rationale
Upper GI endoscopy allows for direct visualization of the upper gastrointestinal tract but does not reach the colon and rectum. Hence, it is not used for screening rectal cancer
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Reflex incontinence is caused by neurological impairment or damage, such as spinal cord injury, which results in a loss of voluntary control over urination. The bladder muscle contracts involuntarily, causing urine leakage.
Choice B rationale
Overflow incontinence occurs when the bladder cannot empty properly, leading to frequent or constant dribbling of urine. It is not typically associated with nerve damage from spinal cord injury.
Choice C rationale
Stress incontinence is caused by physical movement or activity—such as coughing, sneezing, or heavy lifting—that puts pressure on the bladder, leading to urine leakage. It is not related to nerve damage or neurological conditions.
Choice D rationale
Urge incontinence is characterized by a sudden, intense urge to urinate, followed by involuntary urine leakage. It is usually caused by an overactive bladder or other conditions affecting bladder function, but not directly by nerve damage from spinal cord injury.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Documenting the medication administration is important but should be done after administering the medication. Documentation ensures proper tracking and accountability but does
not address immediate patient safety concerns like checking for allergies.
Choice B rationale
Mixing the medication at the client's bedside may ensure that the medication is prepared correctly and the client receives it promptly, but it doesn't address the critical step of
ensuring the client's safety by checking for allergies first.
Choice C rationale
Checking the client for allergies is crucial before administering any medication, including powdered forms. Allergic reactions can be severe or life-threatening, so it’s essential to
ensure that the client isn’t allergic to the medication. This step ensures the safety and well-being of the client and prevents potential adverse reactions.
Choice D rationale
Determining the client's response to the medication is important for assessing the medication's effectiveness and identifying any adverse reactions, but it occurs after administration.
Checking for allergies precedes all these steps to prevent any initial harm.