A nurse is caring for an infant who has a congenital heart defect. Which of the following defects is associated with increased pulmonary blood flow?
Tricuspid atresia
Patent ductus arteriosus
Coarctation of the aorta
Tetralogy of Fallot
The Correct Answer is B
A. Tricuspid atresia typically leads to decreased pulmonary blood flow due to the absence of normal blood flow to the lungs.
B. Patent ductus arteriosus results in increased pulmonary blood flow because it allows blood to flow from the aorta to the pulmonary artery, increasing the volume of blood going to the lungs.
C. Coarctation of the aorta can cause decreased blood flow to the lower body, which may not directly relate to increased pulmonary blood flow.
D. Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by decreased pulmonary blood flow due to right ventricular outflow obstruction, making it not associated with increased pulmonary blood flow.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Distributive shock, particularly in the context of anaphylaxis, is characterized by widespread vasodilation that leads to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance and impaired blood flow to organs despite normal or increased cardiac output.
B. This option is incorrect because distributive shock involves decreased systemic vascular resistance due to vasodilation rather than an increase.
C. This statement describes hypovolemic shock, not distributive shock. Distributive shock is not primarily caused by the loss of blood volume.
D. While loss of myocardial contractility can lead to cardiogenic shock, it is not the mechanism behind distributive shock, which is related to vascular tone rather than heart function.
Correct Answer is ["C","D","E"]
Explanation
A. Pertussis, or whooping cough, primarily affects the respiratory tract, particularly the trachea and bronchi, not just the nostrils.
B. Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, making this statement incorrect as the infection is bacterial, not viral.
C. The toxins released by Bordetella pertussis damage the cilia of epithelial cells in the respiratory tract, leading to difficulty in clearing secretions.
D. The inflammation of the lungs and airways is a characteristic response to the infection, contributing to the symptoms of coughing and difficulty breathing.
E. The production of thick, mucus secretions is a hallmark of pertussis, which makes it challenging for the child to expel them, leading to severe coughing fits.